Biogeochemistry of wetlands : science and applications / K. Ramesh Reddy and Ronald D. DeLaune.

Table of contents
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Basic concepts and terminology 7

1. Introduction 7
2. Chemistry 7
Microbiology and Biochemistry 15
Isotopes 18
Terminology in Soil Science 19
Units 24


3. Biogeochemical Characteristics of Wetlands 27
Types of Wetlands 31
Coastal wetlands 31
Inland wetlands 32
Wetland Hydrology 34
Wetland Soils 35
Wetland Vegetation 41
Biogeochemical Features of Wetlands 41
Types of Wetland/Hydric Soils 46
Field Indicators of Hydric Soils 54


4. Electrochemical Properties 67
Introduction 67
Theoretical Relationships 69
Measurement of Eh 79
Eh–pH Relationships 81

Buffering of Redox Potential (Poise)
Measurement of Redox Potentials
pH
Redox Couples in Wetlands
Redox Gradients in Soils
Microbial Fuel Cells
Specific Conductance


5. Carbon
Major Components of Carbon Cycle in Wetlands
Organic Matter Accumulation
Characteristics of Detritus and Soil Organic Matter
Decomposition
Organic Matter Turnover
Regulators of Organic Matter Decomposition
Environmental and Ecological Significance
Functions of Organic Matter in Soils


6. Oxygen
Oxygen–H2O Redox Couple
Soil Gases
Sources of Oxygen
Aerobic–Anaerobic Interfaces
Oxygen Consumption


7. Adaptation of Plants to Soil Anaerobiosis
Distribution of Wetland Plants
Mechanisms of Flood Tolerance
Mechanisms of Oxygen Movement in Wetland Plants
Oxygen Release by Plants
Measurement of Radial Oxygen Loss
Soil Phytotoxic Accumulation Effects on Plant Growth
Oxidizing Power of Plant Roots
Effect of Intensity and Capacity of Soil Reduction on Wetland Plant Functions .000


8. Nitrogen
Forms of Nitrogen
Major Storage Compartments
Redox Transformations of Nitrogen
Mineralization of Organic Nitrogen
Ammonia Adsorption–Desorption
Ammonia Fixation
Ammonia Volatilization
Nitrification
Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation
Nitrate Reduction
Nitrogen Fixation
Nitrogen Assimilation by Vegetation
Nitrogen Processing by Wetlands


9. Phosphorous

Phosphorus Accumulation in Wetlands
Phosphorus Forms in Water Columns and Soil
Inorganic Phosphorus
Phosphorus Sorption by Soils
Organic Phosphorus
Phosphorus Uptake and Storage in Biotic Communities
Mineralization of Organic Phosphorus
Biotic and Abiotic Interactions on Phosphorus Mobilization
Phosphorus Exchange between Soil and Overlying Water Column .000
Phosphorus Memory by Soils and Sediments
Biogeochemistry of Iron and Manganese
Storage and Distribution
Eh–pH Relationships
Reduction of Iron and Manganese
Oxidation of Iron and Manganese
Mobility of Iron and Manganese
Ecological Significance

10. Iron and Mangnese. 405

Introduction
Storage and Distribution
Eh-PH Relationships
Iron
Manganese
Reduction of Iron and Manganese
Microbial Communities
Biotic and Abiotic Reduction
Biotic Reduction
Abiotic Reduction
Forms of Iron and Manganese
Iron
Manganese
Complexation of Iron and Manganese with Dissolved Organic Matter
Mobile and Immobile pools of Iron and Manganese
Oxidation of Iron and Manganese
Microbial Communities
Biotic and Abiotic Oxidation
Iron
Manganese
Mobility of Iron and Manganese
Ecological Significance
Nutrient Restoration/Immobilization
Organic Matter Decomposition and Nutrient Release
Phosphorous Release or Retention








11. Sulfur

Major Storage Compartments
Forms of Sulfur
Oxidation–Reduction of Sulfur
Assimilatory Sulfate and Elemental Sulfur Reduction
Mineralization of Organic Sulfur
Electron Acceptor—Reduction of Inorganic Sulfur
Electron Donor—Oxidation of Sulfur Compounds
Biogenic Emission of Reduced Sulfur Gases
Sulfur–Metal Interactions
Sulfi de Toxicity
Exchange between Soil and Water Column
Sulfur Sinks


12. Metals/Metalloids

Factors Governing Metal Availability and Transformation .000
Mercury—Methyl Mercury
Arsenic
Chemical Oxidation and Reduction of Arsenic
Copper
Zinc
Selenium
Chromium
Cadmium
Lead
Nickel


13. Toxic Organic Compounds

Biotic Pathways
Metabolism of Organic Compounds
Plant and Microbial Uptake
Abiotic Pathways
Regulators


14. Soil and Floodwater Exchange Processes

Advective Flux
Diffusive Flux
Bioturbation
Wind Mixing and Resuspension
Exchange of Dissolved Solutes between Soil/Sediment and the Water Column .000
Sediment Transport Processes
Vegetative Flux/Detrital Export
Air–Water Exchange
40 Biogeochemical Regulation of Exchange Processes


15. Biogeochemical Indicators

Concept of Indicators
Guidelines for Indicator Development
Levels of Indicators
Wetland Ecosystem Reference Conditions
Sampling Protocol and Design
Data Analysis


16. Wetlands and Global Climate Change

Potential Impact of Global Change to Wetlands
Methane
Nitrous Oxide
Carbon Sequestration
Impact of Sea-Level Rise on Coastal Wetlands


17. Freshwater Wetlands: The Everglades

Everglades Wetlands
Nutrient Loads and Ecological Alternations
Biogeochemical Cycles
Restoration and Recovery


18. Coastal Wetlands: Mississippi River Deltaic Plain Coastal Marshes, Louisiana

Biogeography and Geology of Louisiana Coastal Wetlands
Coastal Wetland Loss
Case Studies
Impact of Flooding and Saltwater Intrusion on Louisiana Coastal Vegetation
Carbon Cycling
Nitrogen Cycling
Sulfur Cycling
Case Studies of Factors Governing the Fate of Toxic Organic Compounds and Pollutants in the Louisiana Coastal Wetland


19. Advances in Biogeochemistry. 703

Biogeochemical Processes
Algal and Microbial Interactions
Vegetation and Microbial Interactions
Modern Tools to Study Biogeochemical Cycles
Synthesis: Mechanistic and Statistical Models
Future Directions and Perspectives
References
Index

Includes bibliographical references (p. 719-756) and index.

Introduction -- Basic concepts and terminology -- Biogeochemical characteristics -- Electrochemical properties -- Carbon -- Oxygen -- Adaptation of plants to soil anaerobiosis -- Nitrogen -- Phosphorus -- Iron and manganese -- Sulfur -- Metals/metalloids -- Toxic organic compounds -- Soil and floodwater echange processes -- Biogeochemical indicators -- Wetlands and global climate change -- Freshwater wetlands : the Everglades -- Coastal wetlands : Mississippi River deltaic plain coastal marshes, Louisiana -- Advances in biogeochemistry.