International law and the environment / Patricia Birnie, Alan Boyle, Catherine Redgwell.

CONTENTS

Abbreviations: Journals and Reports xi

Table of Cases xix

Table of Major Treaties and Other Instruments xxvii

1 INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE ENVIRONMENT 1

1 Introduction 1

2 Lawmaking Processes and Sources of Law 12

3 Overview 37

2 INTERNATIONAL GOVERNANCE AND THE FORMULATION OF
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND POLICY 43

1 Introduction 43

2 The Development of International Environmental Policy 48

3 The UN and Environmental Governance 58

4 Other International Organizations 71

5 International Regulatory Regimes 84

6 Scientific Organizations 99

7 Non-Governmental Organizations 100

8 Conclusions 103

3 RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF STATES CONCERNING
PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 106

1 Introduction 106

2 Sustainable Development: Legal Implications 115

3 Principles of Global Environmental Responsibility 128

4 Prevention of Pollution and Environmental Harm 137

5 Conservation and Sustainable Use of Natural Resources 190

6 Military Activities and the Environment 205

7 Conclusions 208

4 INTERSTATE ENFORCEMENT: STATE RESPONSIBILITY, TREATY
COMPLIANCE, AND DISPUTE SETTLEMENT 211

1 Introduction 211

2 State Responsibility for Environmental Damage 214
3 Treaty Compliance
23 7
4 Settlement of International Environmental Disputes 250
5 Conclusions
26 6
5 NON-STATE ACTORS: ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS,
LIABILITY, AND CRIMES 268

1 Introduction 268
2 Human Rights and the Environment 271
3 Transboundary Environmental Rights 303
4 Harmonization of Environmental Liability 316
5 Corporate Environmental Accountability 326
6 Environmental Crimes 329
7 Conclusions 334
6 CLIMATE CHANGE AND ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION 335

1 Introduction 335
2 Transboundary Air Pollution 342
3 Protecting the Ozone Layer 349
4 The Climate Change Regime 356
5 Conclusions 377
7 THE LAW OF THE SEA AND PROTECTION OF THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT 379

1 Introduction 379
2 Customary Law and the 1982 UNCLOS 386
3 Regional Protection of the Marine Environment 390
4 Marine Pollution from Ships 398
5 Pollution Incidents and Emergencies at Sea 423
6 Responsibility and Liability for Marine Pollution Damage 430
7 Conclusions 441
8 INTERNATIONAL REGULATION OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES 443

1 Introduction 443
2 International Regulation of Toxic Chemicals 445
3 Protection of the Marine Environment from Toxic Substances 451
CONTENTS IX
4 International Trade in Hazardous Substances 473
5 Conclusions 486
9 NUCLEAR ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT 488

1 Introduction 488
2 The International Regulation of Nuclear Energy 492
3 Control ofTransboundary Nuclear Risks 508
4 State Responsibility for Nuclear Damage 516
5 Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage 520
6 Conclusions 533
10 INTERNATIONAL WATERCOURSES: ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AND SUSTAINABLE USE 535

1 Introduction 535
2 Protection of Watercourse Environments 547
3 Regional Cooperation and Environmental Regulation 572
4 Conclusions 580
11 CONSERVATION OF NATURE, ECOSYSTEMS, AND BIODIVERSITY 583

1 Introduction 583
2 Concepts of Nature Conservation and Natural Resources 585
3 The Role of Law in the Protection of Nature 593
4 Codification and Development of International Law on
Nature Protection 602
5 The Convention on Biological Diversity 612
6 Conclusions 648
12 CONSERVATION OF MIGRATORY AND LAND-BASED
SPECIES AND BIODIVERSITY 650

1 Introduction 650
2 Implementation of Principles and Strategies through
Conservation Treaties 651
3 Signficance and Effectiveness of the Major Global
Wildlife Conventions 671
4 Post-UNCED Instruments for Conservation of
Nature and Biodiversity 692
5 The Regional Approach 696

6 Coordination of Conventions and Organs 697
7 Conclusions 698
13 CONSERVATION OF MARINE LIVING RESOURCES
AND BIODIVERSITY 702

1 Introduction 702
2 Jurisdiction over Fisheries and Marine Mammals 706
3 The Development of International Fisheries Regimes 711
4 The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 714
5 Post-UNCLOS Developments 730
6 Conservation of Marine Biodiversity 744
7 Conclusions 751
14 INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 753


1 Introduction 753
2 The Multilateral Trading System 756
3 Multilateral Environmental Agreements and Trade Restrictions 766
4 Trade Restrictions to Protect Resources beyond National Jurisdiction 769
5 Trade Restrictions to Protect the Domestic Environment 778
6 Pollution Havens: Trade Restrictions to Improve the
Environment of Other Countries 788
7 The Export of Hazardous Substances and Wastes 793
8 Environmental Taxes 796
9 The TRIPS Agreement and the Biodiversity Convention 801
10 Conclusions 809
Bibliography 811
Index 833
Includes bibliographical references (p. ([811]-832) and index.

International law and the environment -- International governance and the formulation of environmental law and policy -- Rights and obligations of states concerning protection of the environment -- Interstate enforcement: state responsibility, treaty compliance, and dispute settlement -- Non-state actors: environmental rights, liability, and crimes -- Climate change and atmospheric pollution -- The law of the sea and protection of the marine environment -- International regulation of toxic substances -- Nuclear energy and the environment -- International watercourses: environmental protection and sustainable use -- Conservation of nature, ecosystems, and biodiversity -- Conservation of migratory and land-based species and biodiversity -- Conservation of marine living resources and biodiversity -- International trade and environmental protection.