Fundamentals of geographic information systems / Michael N. DeMers.
Publication details: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, c2009.Edition: 4th editionDescription: xiii, 443 p. : ill. ; 26 cmISBN:- 9780470129067 ( alk. paper)
- 910.285 22 DEM
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CONTENTS;
Chapter 0 Spatial leaner's permit 1
Spatial technology 2
Applying spatial terms 5
Spatial cognition 8
Spatial quantities 10
Spherical earth 11
Concluding remarks 13
Terms 14
Practice exercises 14
References 16
UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1 Introduction to Digital Geography
Learning Objectives
Geographic Information Systems Defined
A Brief History of Geographic Information Systems
GIS as a Growth Industry
Sample Application Areas of GIS
The study of GIS 29
Terms 31
Review questions 31
references 16
UNIT 2 DIGITAL GEOGRAPHIC DATA AND MAPS
Chapter 2 Basic Geographic Concepts
Learning Objectives
Developing Spatial Awareness
Spatial Measurement Levels
Spatial Location and Reference
Spatial Patterns
Geographic Data Collection
Populations and Sampling Schemes
Making Inferences from Samples
terms
review questions 56
References 57
Chapter 3 Map Basics
Learning Objectives
Abstract Nature of Maps
A Paradigm Shift in Cartography
Map Scale
More Map Characteristics
Map Projections
Grid Systems for Mapping
Map Symbolism
Map Abstraction and Cartographic Databases
Terms 78
Review questions 78
References 79
Chapter 4 GIS Computer Structure Basics
Learning Objectives
A Quick Review of the Map as an Abstraction of Space
Some Basic Computer File Structures
Simple Lists
Ordered Sequential Files
Indexed Files
Database Management Structures
Hierarchical Data Structures
Network Systems
Relational Database Management Systems
Some Basic Computer Terminology
Terms 96
Review questions 97
References 97
Chapter 5 GIS Data Models
Learning Objectives
Graphic Representation of Entities and Attributes
GIS System Data Models
Raster Models
Raster Surface Models
Compact Storing of Raster Data
Commercial Raster Compaction Products
Vector Models
An Object-Oriented Data Model
Compacting Vector Data Models
A Vector Model to Represent Surfaces
Systems Models
Terms
review questions
references 124
UNIT 3 INPUT, STORAGE, AND EDITING
Chapter 6 GIS Input
Learning Objectives
Primary Data
Input Devices
Reference Frameworks and Transformations
Map Preparation and the Digitizing Process
What to Input
How Much to Input
Methods of Vector Input
Methods of Raster Input
Remote Sensing Data Input
GPS Data Input
Secondary Data
Metadata and Metadata Standards
terms 175
review questions
references
Chapter 7 Data Storage and Editing
Learning Objectives
GIS Database Storage
Basic Error Types
Consequences of Errors
Error Detection and Editing
Entity Errors: Vector
Attribute Errors: Raster and Vector
Dealing with Projection Changes
Joining Adjacent Maps: Edge Matching
Conflation
Templating
terms
review questions
references 179
UNIT 4 SPATIAL ANALYSIS 177
Chapter 8 Query and Description 179
Learning Objectives 180
Model Flowcharting 180
GIS Data Query 181
Locating and Identifying Spatial Objects 184
Defining Spatial Characteristics 185
Point Attributes 186
Line Attributes 187
Area Attributes 189
Working with Higher-Level Objects 192
Higher-Level Point Objects 192
Higher-Level Line Objects 195
Higher-Level Area Objects 198
terms
review questions
references 200
Chapter 9 Measurement 202
Learning Objectives 202
Measuring Length 203
Measuring Polygons 205
Measuring Polygon Lengths 205
Measuring Perimeters of Polygons 206
Calculating Areas of Polygonal Features 207
Measuring Shape 208
Measuring Sinuosity 209
Measuring Polygon Shape 209
Measuring Distance 213
Euclidean Distance 213
Functional Distance 215
Terms 223
Review Questions 224
References 225
Chapter 10 Classification 227
Learning Objectives 228
Classification Principles 228
Elements of Reclassification 230
Neighborhood Functions 231
Roving Windows: Filters 232
Static Neighborhood Functions 235
Buffers 239
Terms 244
Review Questions 244
References 245
Chapter 11 Statistical Surfaces 247
Learning Objectives 248
What are Surfaces? 249
Surface Mapping 250
Nontopographical Surfaces 252
Sampling the Statistical Surface 253
The DEM 254
Interpolation 255
Linear Interpolation 256
Methods of Nonlinear Interpolation 257
Problems of Interpolation 262
Terms 266
Review Questions 267
References 268
Chapter 12 Terrain Analysis 269
Learning Objectives 270
Terrain Reclassification 270
Elevation Zones 270
Slope Analysis 272
Aspect Analysis 273
Shape or Form 275
Viewshed Analysis 279
Soundshed Analysis 282
Cut and Fill 283
Terms 284
Review Questions 284
References 286
Chapter 13 Spatial Arrangement 288
Learning Objectives 289
Point, Area, and Line Arrangements 290
Point Patterns 290
Nearest Neighbor Analysis 291
Thiessen Polygons 293
Area Patterns 295
Distance and Adjacency 296
Other Polygonal Arrangement Measures 297
Linear Patterns 297
Line Densities 298
Nearest Neighbors and Line Intercepts 298
Direction and Circular Statistics 300
Connectivity of Linear Objects 303
Gravity Model 306
Routing and Allocation 307
Terms 309
Review Questions 310
References 311
Chapter 14 Map Overlay 313
Learning Objectives 313
The Cartographic Overlay 314
Point-In-Polygon and Line-In-Polygon Overlay 316
Polygon Overlays 318
Why Perform an Overlay? 318
Types of Map Overlay 319
Types of Vector Overlays 323
Graphical Overlay 324
Topological Vector Overlay 326
A Note about Error in Overlay 326
Dasymetric Mapping 328
Terms 330
Review Questions 331
References 331
Chapter 15 Cartographic Modeling 333
Learning Objectives 334
Model Components 334
The Cartographic Model 335
Types of Cartographic Models 337
Inductive and Deductive Modeling 339
Factor Selection 339
Model Flowcharting 340
Working Through the Model 342
Conflict Resolution 347
Sample Cartographic Models 348
Model Implementation 351
Model Verification 352
Terms 356
Review Questions 356
References 357
UNIT 5 GIS OUTPUT AND DESIGN 359
Chapter 16 Cartography and Visualization 361
Learning Objectives 361
Output: The Display of Analysis 362
Cartographic Output 363
Thematic Maps and Cartograms 364
Multivariate Display 369
Dynamic and Interactive Display 371
Web Mapping and Visualization 372
Virtual and Immersion Environments 374
Mapping the Temporal Dimension 374
Noncartographic Output 375
Tables and Charts 376
Design Considerations 377
Terms 380
Review Questions 380
References 381
Chapter 17 GIS Design 383
Learning Objectives 384
Application Design 385
Some General Systems Characteristics 387
Project Definition 388
Analytical Model Design 389
Components and Procedures 389
GIS Tools for Solving Problems 390
Selecting the Software 390
Scientific Models and GIS 390
Database Design 391
Modeling Tools 391
Establishing the Effective Spatial Domain of the Model 392
Study Area 393
Scale, Resolution, and Level of Detail 393
Classification 394
Coordinate System and Projection 394
Conceptual, Logical, and Physical Models 395
Institutional/System Design 395
GIS Information Products 396
How Information Products Drive the GIS 396
Organizing the Local Views 397
Avoiding Design Creep 398
View Integration 399
System Implementation 399
The Institutional Setting for GIS Operations 400
The System and the Outside World 400
Internal Players 401
External Players 402
terms 403
review questions 404
Appendix A software and data sources 405
Appendix B using the world wide web to find data 411 and GIS Examples
Glossary 435
index
Photo credits
Includes bibliographical references and index.
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