Fundamentals of geographic information systems / Michael N. DeMers.

CONTENTS;


UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION


Chapter 1 Introduction to Digital Geography

Learning Objectives

Geographic Information Systems Defined

A Brief History of Geographic Information Systems

GIS as a Growth Industry

Sample Application Areas of GIS


UNIT 2 DIGITAL GEOGRAPHIC DATA AND MAPS


Chapter 2 Basic Geographic Concepts
Learning Objectives
Developing Spatial Awareness
Spatial Measurement Levels
Spatial Location and Reference
Spatial Patterns
Geographic Data Collection
Populations and Sampling Schemes
Making Inferences from Samples


Chapter 3 Map Basics
Learning Objectives
Abstract Nature of Maps
A Paradigm Shift in Cartography
Map Scale
More Map Characteristics
Map Projections
Grid Systems for Mapping
Map Symbolism
Map Abstraction and Cartographic Databases


Chapter 4 GIS Computer Structure Basics
Learning Objectives
A Quick Review of the Map as an Abstraction of Space
Some Basic Computer File Structures
Simple Lists
Ordered Sequential Files
Indexed Files
Database Management Structures
Hierarchical Data Structures
Network Systems
Relational Database Management Systems
Some Basic Computer Terminology


Chapter 5 GIS Data Models
Learning Objectives
Graphic Representation of Entities and Attributes
GIS System Data Models
Raster Models
Raster Surface Models
Compact Storing of Raster Data
Commercial Raster Compaction Products
Vector Models
An Object-Oriented Data Model
Compacting Vector Data Models
A Vector Model to Represent Surfaces
Systems Models

UNIT 3 INPUT, STORAGE, AND EDITING

Chapter 6 GIS Input
Learning Objectives
Primary Data
Input Devices
Reference Frameworks and Transformations
Map Preparation and the Digitizing Process
What to Input
How Much to Input
Methods of Vector Input
Methods of Raster Input
Remote Sensing Data Input
GPS Data Input
Secondary Data
Metadata and Metadata Standards


Chapter 7 Data Storage and Editing
Learning Objectives
GIS Database Storage
Basic Error Types
Consequences of Errors
Error Detection and Editing
Entity Errors: Vector
Attribute Errors: Raster and Vector
Dealing with Projection Changes
Joining Adjacent Maps: Edge Matching
Conflation
Templating


UNIT 4 SPATIAL ANALYSIS 177

Chapter 8 Query and Description 179
Learning Objectives 180
Model Flowcharting 180
GIS Data Query 181
Locating and Identifying Spatial Objects 184
Defining Spatial Characteristics 185
Point Attributes 186
Line Attributes 187
Area Attributes 189
Working with Higher-Level Objects 192
Higher-Level Point Objects 192
Higher-Level Line Objects 195
Higher-Level Area Objects 198


Chapter 9 Measurement 202

Learning Objectives 202

Measuring Length 203

Measuring Polygons 205

Measuring Polygon Lengths 205

Measuring Perimeters of Polygons 206

Calculating Areas of Polygonal Features 207

Measuring Shape 208

Measuring Sinuosity 209

Measuring Polygon Shape 209

Measuring Distance 213

Euclidean Distance 213

Functional Distance 215

Terms 223

Review Questions 224

References 225


Chapter 10 Classification 227

Learning Objectives 228

Classification Principles 228

Elements of Reclassification 230

Neighborhood Functions 231

Roving Windows: Filters 232

Static Neighborhood Functions 235

Buffers 239

Terms 244

Review Questions 244

References 245


Chapter 11 Statistical Surfaces 247

Learning Objectives 248

What are Surfaces? 249

Surface Mapping 250

Nontopographical Surfaces 252

Sampling the Statistical Surface 253

The DEM 254

Interpolation 255

Linear Interpolation 256

Methods of Nonlinear Interpolation 257

Problems of Interpolation 262

Terms 266

Review Questions 267

References 268


Chapter 12 Terrain Analysis 269

Learning Objectives 270

Terrain Reclassification 270

Elevation Zones 270

Slope Analysis 272

Aspect Analysis 273

Shape or Form 275

Viewshed Analysis 279

Soundshed Analysis 282

Cut and Fill 283

Terms 284

Review Questions 284

References 286


Chapter 13 Spatial Arrangement 288

Learning Objectives 289

Point, Area, and Line Arrangements 290

Point Patterns 290

Nearest Neighbor Analysis 291

Thiessen Polygons 293

Area Patterns 295

Distance and Adjacency 296

Other Polygonal Arrangement Measures 297

Linear Patterns 297

Line Densities 298

Nearest Neighbors and Line Intercepts 298

Direction and Circular Statistics 300

Connectivity of Linear Objects 303

Gravity Model 306

Routing and Allocation 307

Terms 309

Review Questions 310

References 311


Chapter 14 Map Overlay 313

Learning Objectives 313

The Cartographic Overlay 314

Point-In-Polygon and Line-In-Polygon Overlay 316

Polygon Overlays 318

Why Perform an Overlay? 318

Types of Map Overlay 319

Types of Vector Overlays 323

Graphical Overlay 324

Topological Vector Overlay 326

A Note about Error in Overlay 326

Dasymetric Mapping 328

Terms 330

Review Questions 331

References 331


Chapter 15 Cartographic Modeling 333

Learning Objectives 334

Model Components 334

The Cartographic Model 335

Types of Cartographic Models 337

Inductive and Deductive Modeling 339

Factor Selection 339

Model Flowcharting 340

Working Through the Model 342

Conflict Resolution 347

Sample Cartographic Models 348

Model Implementation 351

Model Verification 352

Terms 356

Review Questions 356

References 357


UNIT 5 GIS OUTPUT AND DESIGN 359


Chapter 16 Cartography and Visualization 361

Learning Objectives 361

Output: The Display of Analysis 362

Cartographic Output 363

Thematic Maps and Cartograms 364

Multivariate Display 369

Dynamic and Interactive Display 371

Web Mapping and Visualization 372

Virtual and Immersion Environments 374

Mapping the Temporal Dimension 374

Noncartographic Output 375

Tables and Charts 376

Design Considerations 377

Terms 380

Review Questions 380

References 381


Chapter 17 GIS Design 383

Learning Objectives 384

Application Design 385

Some General Systems Characteristics 387

Project Definition 388

Analytical Model Design 389

Components and Procedures 389

GIS Tools for Solving Problems 390

Selecting the Software 390

Scientific Models and GIS 390

Database Design 391

Modeling Tools 391

Establishing the Effective Spatial Domain of the Model 392

Study Area 393

Scale, Resolution, and Level of Detail 393

Classification 394

Coordinate System and Projection 394

Conceptual, Logical, and Physical Models 395

Institutional/System Design 395

GIS Information Products 396

How Information Products Drive the GIS 396

Organizing the Local Views 397

Avoiding Design Creep 398

View Integration 399

System Implementation 399

The Institutional Setting for GIS Operations 400

The System and the Outside World 400

Internal Players 401

External Players 402

Includes bibliographical references and index.