The aims of argument : a rhetoric and reader / Timothy W. Crusius, and Carolyn E. Channell.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I. THE AIMS OF ARGUMENT

1. An Overview of Key Terms
What Is Argument?
How Should We Approach Argument?
What Are the Aims of Argument?
Arguing to Inquire
Arguing to Convince
Arguing to Persuade
Arguing to Negotiate
The Aims of Argument:
A Summary
What Is Rhetoric

2. Reading an Argument
Before You Read
Recalling Prior Knowledge
Considering the Rhetorical Context
As You Read
The First Reading
Anna Quindlen, “Making the Mosaic”
The Second Reading
The Third Reading
After You Read

3. Analyzing an Argument: A Simplified Toulmin Method
A Preliminary Critical Reading
William F. May, “Rising to the Occasion of Our Death”
A Step-by-Step Demonstration of the Toulmin Method
Analyzing the Claim
Analyzing the Reasons
Analyzing the Evidence
Noting Refutations
Summarizing Your Analysis
Student Sample: An Argument for Analysis: Amber Young, “Capital Punishment: Society’s Self-Defense”

4. Preparing to Write: Arguing to Inquire
The Importance of Inquiry
Questions for Inquiry
Inquiry and Written Arguments: The Process of Dialogue
A Preliminary Critical Reading
Michael Levin, “The Case for Torture”
A Sample Dialogue
Evaluating an Argument: An Analysis Based on Inquiry
Preparing to Write
From Dialogue to Draft
A Sample Analysis: “Michael Levin’s ‘The Case for Torture’: A Dangerous Oversimplification”
William Murchison, “City Shouldn’t Ignore Morality”
Student Sample: An Analysis Based on Inquiry: Cindy Tarver, “An Appeal to Prejudice”
Inquiring into a Range of Positions
The Exploratory Essay
Three Opposing Positions: William F. May, “Rising to the Occasion of Our Death,” Sidney Hook, “In Defense of Voluntary Euthanasia,” Matthewe Conolly, “Euthanasia Is Not the Answer”
A Sample Exploratory Essay: “Exploring the Issue of Voluntary Euthanasia”
Using Inquiry by Peers in Writing an Argument

5. Making Your Case: Arguing to Convince
The Nature of Convincing: Structure and Strategy
Case Structure
Case Strategy
Anne Marie O’Keefe, “The Case against Drug Testing”
The Process of Convincing
Preparing a Brief
From Brief to Draft
Revising the Draft
Reader’s Checklist for Revision
Editing and Proofreading
Student Sample: An Essay to Convince: Justin Spidel, “Who Should Have the Right to Marry?”

6. Appealing to the Whole Person: Arguing to Persuade
A Matter of Emphasis: When to Convince and When to Persuade
Analyzing Your Readers
Who Is the Audience, and How Do They View the Topic?
What Are Our Differences?
What Do We Have in Common?
Reading a Persuasive Essay
Background / The Basic Message
Martin Luther King, Jr., “Letter from Birmingham Jail”
King’s Analysis of His Audience: Identification and Overcoming Difference /
Using the Forms of Appeal
The Appeal to Reason
The Appeal to Character
The Appeal to Emotion
The Appeal through Style
Drafting a Persuasive Essay
Conceiving a Readership
Discovering the Resources of Appeal
Reader’s Checklist for Revising a Persuasive Essay
Student Sample: An Essay to Persuade: Joey Shanks, “An Uncomfortable Position”

7. Negotiation and Mediation: Resolving Conflict
Negotiation and the Other Aims of Argument
The Process of Negotiation and Mediation
Understanding the Spirit of Negotiation
Understanding the Opposing Positions: Margaret Liu McConnell, “Living with Roe v. Wade,” Ellen Willis, “Putting Women Back into the Abortion Debate”
Locating the Areas of Disagreement
Questions about Difference
Defining the Problem in Terms of the Real Interests
Inventing Creative Options
Gathering More Data
Reaching a Solution Based on Agreed-upon Principles
The Mediatory Essay
Roger Rosenblatt, “How to End the Abortion War”
Analyzing a Mediatory Essay
Writing a Mediatory Essay
Student Sample: A Mediatory Essay: Angi Grellhesl, “Mediating the Speech Code Controversy”

8. Image and Argument: Visual Rhetoric
Understanding Visual Rhetoric
Analysis: Common Types of Visual Rhetoric “
Reading” Images
Advertisements
Editorial Cartoons
Public Sculpture
News Photographs
Graphics
Russell A. Barkley, “Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder”
Writing Assignments
One: Analyzing an Advertisement or Editorial Cartoon: Student Sample: Kelly Williams, “A Mother’s Treat”
Two: Using Visual Rhetoric as Promotion for Your School
Three: Analyzing Your Own Visual Rhetoric
Four: Writing to Convince
Five: Using Graphics to Supplement Your Own Writing or Other Texts
Reader’s Checklist for Using Graphics
Image and Argument: Color Section

9. Researching Arguments
Finding an Issue
Understand That an Issue Is More Than Merely a Topic
Keep Abreast of Current Events / Research the News
Research Your Library’s Periodicals Indexes
Inquire into the Issue
Finding Sources
Field Research
Library and Online Research
Internet Research
Evaluating Sources
Eliminate Inappropriate Sources
Carefully Record Complete Bibliographic Information
Read the Source Critically
Inquire into the Source
Consider How You Might Use the Source
Suggestions for Evaluating Sources
Using Sources
Taking Notes
Suggestions for Taking Notes
Paraphrasing
Suggestions for Paraphrasing
Summarizing
Suggestions for Summarizing
James Rachels, from The End of Life
Patrick Pugh, Summary of Excerpt from The End of Life
Creating an Annotated Bibliography
Incorporating and Documenting Source Material in the Text of Your Argument
Different Styles of Documentation
Guidelines for Using MLA and APA Style
Direct Quotations / Indirect Quotations
Creating a Works-Cited or Reference List
Books / Periodicals
Non-print Sources
Electronic Sources
A Student Research Paper (MLA Style)

PART II. READINGS: ISSUES AND ARGUMENTS

10. Immigration
David Kennedy, Can We Still Afford to Be a Nation of Immigrants?
Peter Brimelow, Time to Rethink Immigration?
Linda Chavez, What to Do about Immigration
Nicolaus Mills, Lifeboat Ethics and Immigration Fears
David Maung, Photograph /
Leslie Marmon Silko, The Border Patrol State

11. Feminism
Cassandra Langer, What Is Feminism?
Deborah Rhode, Women’s Movements, Men’s Movements
Susan Faludi, The Backlash Against Feminism
Kirk Anderson, Cartoon
Naomi Wolf, The Beauty Myth
Christina Hoff Somers, The Backlash Myth
Katie Roiphe, The Independent Woman (and Other Lies)
Elizabeth Mitchell, An Odd Break with the Human Heart
Two Ads for Women’s Jeans

12. Marriage and Family
Arlene Skolnick, The Paradox of Perfection
Midge Decter, The Madness of the American Family
Betty Holcomb, Families Are Changing for the Better
Stephanie Coontz, The Future of Marriage
Cheney, Cartoon
Barbara Dafoe Whitehead, The Making of a Divorce Culture
David Popenoe, A World without Fathers

13. Gay and Lesbian Rights
Jeffrey Nickel, Everybody’s Threatened by Homophobia
Pete Hamill, Confessions of a Heterosexual
Gary Trudeau, Cartoon / Peter J. Gomes, Homophobic? Reread Your Bible
Jonathan Alter, Degrees of Discomfort
Jonathan Rauch, Beyond Oppression
Toni A. H. McNaron, In or Out in the Classroom?

14. The News and Ethics
Jack Fuller, What Is News?
Michael Schudson, In All Fairness
Jim Squires, The Impossibility of Fairness / M. Twohy, Cartoon
W. Lance Bennett, Escaping the News Prison: How People See beyond the Walls
James Fallows, “Public Journalism”: An Attempt to Connect the Media with the Public

15. Liberal Education and Contemporary Culture
Arthur Levine and Jeanette S. Cureton, College Life: An Obituary
Lois Bernstein, Photograph
Mark Edmundson, On the Uses of Liberal Education: As Lite Entertainment for Bored College Students
Earl Shorris, On the Uses of Liberal Education: As a Weapon in the Hands of the Restless Poor
John Tagg, The Decline of the Knowledge Factory: Why Our Colleges Must Change

16. Race and Class
Bruce Roberts, Photograph
Ryszard Kapuscinski, Second Thoughts about America’s Racial Paradise
Michael Lind, The Beige and the Black
Abigail and Stephan Thernstrom, Black Progress: How Far We’ve Come—And How Far We Have to Go
Linda Darling-Hammond, Unequal Opportunity: Race and Education
Shelby Steele, The Recoloring of Campus Life
Patricia J. Williams, The Distribution of Distress

17. The Twenty-First Century
Michiko Kaku, Choreographers of Matter, Life, and Intelligence /
Bettman, Photograph
Larry King, from Future Talk (Interviews with Marian Wright Edelman, Marjorie Margolies-Mezvinsky, Maya Angelou, and Elaine Pagels)
Max Dublin, The Power of Prophecy
Robert

Includes bibliographical references and index. P. 777-781