A&P applications manual / Frederic H. Martini & Kathleen Welch ; with William C. Ober an Claire W. Garrison

Includes index.

Contents
Unit 1: Units of Organization
Foundations
An Introduction to Clinical Anatomy and Physiology
Disease, Pathology, and Diagnosis
The Scientific Method
Forming a Hypothesis
Avoiding Bias
The Need for Repeatability
Homeostatis and Disease
The Diagnosis of Disease
Symptoms and Signs
The Steps in Diagnosis
The Purpose of Diagnosis
Sectional Anatomy and Clinical Technology
The Chemical Level of Organization
Medical Use of Radioisotopes
Radioisotopes and Clinical Testing
Radiopharmaceuticals
Solutions and Concentrations
The Pharmaceutical Use of Isomers
Artificial Sweetners
Fatty Acids and Health
Fat Substitutes
Metabolic Anomalies
Phenylketonuria
Albinism
Hypercholesterolemia
Galactosemia
The Cellular Level of Organization
The Nature of Pathogens
Bacteria
Viruses
Prions
Unicellular and Multicellular Parasites
Methods of Microanatomy
Light Microscopy
Electron Microscopy
Lysosomal Storage Diseases
Mitochondrial DNA, Disease, and Evolution
Genetic Engineering and Gene Therapy
Mapping the Human Genome
Gene Manipulation and Modification
Drugs and the Cell Membrane
Telomeres, Aging, and Cancer
The Tissue Level of Organization
Fibrocartilage on Demand
Problems with Serous Membranes
Cancer: A Closer Look
Causes of Cancer
Detection and Incidence of Cancer
Clinical Staging and Tumor Grading
Cancer Treatment
Cancer and Survival
Tissue Structure and Disease
Unit 2: Covering, Support, and Movement
The Integumentary System
The Integumentary System
Examination of the Skin
Diagnosing Skin Conditions
Disorders of Keratin Production
Dermatitis
Drug Absorption through the Skin
Baldness and Hirsutism
Folliculitis and Acne
Trauma to the Skin
Cutaneous Anthrax
Treatment of Skin Conditions
Synthetic Skin
The Skeletal System
An Introduction to the Skeletal System and Its Disorders
The Dynamic Skeleton
Classification of Skeletal Disorders
Symptoms of Bone and Joint Disorders
Examination of the Skeletal System
Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
Heterotopic Bone Formation
Congenital Disorders of the Skeleton
Stimulation of Bone Growth and Repair
Osteoporosis and Age-Related Skeletal Abnormalities
The Axial Skeleton
Sinus Problems and Septal Defects
Kyphosis, Lordosis, and Scoliosis
Spina Bifida
The Appendicular Skeleton
Problems with the Ankle and Foot
Articulations
Diagnosing and Treating Disc Problems
Knee Injuries
Arthroscopy and Joint Injuries
Rheumatism, Arthritis, and Synovial Function
Hip Fractures, Aging, and Arthritis
The Muscular System
An Introduction to the Muscular System and its Disorders
The Diagnosis of Muscular Disorders
Signs of Muscular Disorders
Symptoms of Muscular Disorders
Diagnosing Muscular Disorders
Disorders of Muscle Tissue
Disruption of Normal Muscle Organization
Necrotizing Fasciitis
Trichinosis
Fribromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
The Muscular Dystrophies
Myotonic Dystrophy
Problems with the Control of Muscle Activity
Botulism
Myasthenia Gravis
Polio
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness
Power, Endurance, and Energy Reserves
Whatís New in Anatomy
Muscular System Disorders
Hernias
Sports Injuries
Intramuscular Injections
End-of-Unit Clinical Problems
Unit 3: Integration, Regulation, and Control
The Nervous System
An Introduction to the Nervous System and Its Disorders
The Symptoms of Neurological Disorders
The Neurological Examination
Headaches
Disorders of Neural Neural Tissue
Axoplasmic Transport and Disease
Demyelination Disorders
How Drugs Disrupt Neural Function
Neurotoxins in Seafood
Tay ñ Sachs Disease
Conditions that Disrupt Neural Function
Changes in the Extracellular Environment
Abnormal Metabolic Activity
Disorders of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
Meningitis
Spinal Taps and Myelography
Damage to Spinal Tracts
Multiple Scerrosis
Polio
Spinal Trauma
Spinal-Cord Injuries and Experimental Treatments
Biological Methods
Assistive Technology
Damage and Repair of Peripheral Nerves
Peripheral Neuropathies
Shingles and Hansenís Disease
Reflexes and Diagnostic Testing
Abnormal Reflex Activity
Disorders of the Brain and Cranial Nerves
Cranial Trauma
Epidural and Subdural Hemorrages
Hydrocephalus
Cerebellar Dysfunction
Analysis of Gait and Balance
The Basal Nuclei and Parkinsonís Disease
Aphasia
Disconnection Syndrome
Seizures and Epilepsies
Tic Douloureux
Cranial Nerve Tests
Neural Integration I: Sensory and Somatic Nervous System
Analyzing Sensory Disorders
Transduction: A Closer Look
Pain Mechanisms, Pathways, and Control: A Closer Look
Acute and Chronic Pain
Assessment of Tactile Sensitivities
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Neural Integration II: The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher Order Functions
Hypersensitivity and Sympathetic Function
Biofeedback
Pharmacology and the Autonomic Nervous System
Amnesia
Altered States
Sleep Disorders
Huntingtonís Disease
Pharmacology and Drug Abuse
Alzheimerís Disease
The Special Senses
Otitis Media and Mastoiditis
Motion Sickness, Vertigo, and MÈniËreís Disease
Hearing Deficits
Testing and Treating Hearing Deficits
The Endocrine System
The Endocrine System
A Classification of Endocrine Disorders
Disorders Due to Endocrine Gland Abnormalities
Disorders Due to Endocrine or Neural Regulatory Mechanism Abnormalities
Disorders Due to Target Tissue Abnormalities
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Endocrine Disorders
Growth Hormone Abnormalities
Thyroid Gland Disorders
Disorders of Parathyroid Function
Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex
Disorders of the Adrenal Medulla
Light and Behavior
Diabetes Mellitus
Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
End-of-Unit Clinical Problems
Unit 4: Fluids and Transport
The Cardiovascular System
An Introduction to the Cardiovascular System and Its Disorders
The Physical Examination and the Cardiovascular System
Diagnostic Procedures for Cardiovascular Disorders
Disorders of the Blood
Polycythemia
Abnormal Hemoglobin
Thalassemia
Sickle Cell Anemia
Transfusion and Synthetic Blood
Bilirubin Tests and Jaundice
Iron Deficiencies and Excesses
Erythrocytosis and Blood Doping
Blood Tests and RBCs
Reticulocyte Count
Hematocrit (HCT)
Hemoglobin Concentration (HB)
RBC Count
The Leukemias
The Clotting System: A Closer Look
Testing the Clotting System
Bleeding Time
Coagulation Time
Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)
Prothrombin Time
Abnormal Hemostasis
Excessive or Abnormal Blood Clotting
Inadequate Blood Clotting
Disorders of the Heart
Infection and Inflammation of the Heart
The Cardiomyopathies
Heart Transplant and Assist Devices
RHD and Valvular Stenosis
Diagnosing Abnormal Heartbeats
Tachycardia and Fibrillation
Treating Problems with Pacemaker Function
Examining the Heart
Heart Failure
Abnormal Conditions Affecting Cardiac Output
Hyperkalemia and Hypokalemia
Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia
Abnormal Body Temperatures
Disorders Affecting Blood Vessels and Circulation
Aneurysms
Problems with Venous Valve Function
Checking the Pulse and Blood Pressure
Hypertension and Hypotension
Edema
The Causes and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease
Shock
Circulatory Shock
Other Types of Shock
The Lymphatic System
The Lymphatic System and Immunity
History and Physical Examination and the Lymphatic System
Disorders of the Lymphatic System
Lymphedema
Infected Lymphoid Nodules
Lymphomas
Disorders of the Spleen
The Complement System: A Closer Look
Complications of Inflammation
Transplants and Immunosuppressive Drugs
Immunization
Lyme Disease
AIDS
Symptoms of HIV Disease
Incidence
Modes of Infection
Prevention of AIDS
Treatment
Genetic Engineering and Gene Therapy
Fetal Infections
Delayed Hypersensitivity and Skin Tests
Immune Complex Disorders
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Autoimmune Disorders
End-of-Unit Clinical Problems
Unit 5: Environmental Exchange
The Respiratory System
Symptoms of Lower Respiratory Disorders
The Physical Examination and the Respiratory System
Disorders of the Respiratory System
Overloading the Respiratory Defenses
Tuberculosis
Cystic Fibrosis
Tracheal Blockage
Bronchoscopy
COPD: Asthma, Bronchitis, and Emphysema
Asthma
Bronchitis
Emphysema
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)
Boyleís Law and Air Overexpansion Syndrome
Artificial Respiration
Pulmonary Function Tests; Asthma
Decompression Sickness
Mountain Sickness
Shallow-Water Blackout
Chemoreceptor Accommodation and Opposition
Lung Cancer
The Digestive System
The Digestive System
Symptoms and Signs of Digestive System Disorders
The Physical Examination and the Digestive System
Disorders of the Digestive System
Dental Problems and Solutions
Achalasia and Esophagitis
Esophageal Varices
Peptic Ulcers
Stomach Cancer
Drastic Weight-Loss Techniques
Vomiting
Liver Disease
Cholecystitis
Colon Cancers
Diverticulosis and Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Diarrhea
Constipation
Malabsorption
Disorders Affecting Metabolism and Energetics
Aerobic Metabolism: A Closer Look
Phenylketonuria
Protein Deficiency Diseases
Metabolic Interactions
The Absorptive State
The Liver
Adipose Tissue
Skeletal Muscle, Neural Tissue, and Other Peripheral Tissues
The Postabsorptive State
The Liver
Adipose Tissue
Skeletal Muscle
Other Peripheral Tissues
Neural Tissue
Adaptations to Starvation
RNA Catabolism and Gout
Eating Disorders
Body Mass Index and Obesity
Fevers
The Urinary System and Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
Disorders of the Urinary System
The History and Physical Examination of the Urinary System
Laboratory and Imaging Tests and the Urinary System
PAH and the Calculation of Renal Blood Flow
Urinary System Disorders
Conditions Affecting Filtration
Inherited Problems with Tubular Function
Diuretics
Urinalysis
Advances in the Treatment of Renal Failure
Bladder Cancer
Urinary Tract Infections
Disorders of Fluid Electrolyte, and AcidñBase Balance
Water and Weight Loss
Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia
Diagnostic Classification of AcidñBase Disorders
The Anion Gap
The Nomogram
Fluid, Electrolyte, and AcidñBase Balance in Infants
End-of-Unit Clinical Problems
Unit 6: Continuity of Life
The Reproductive System and Development
The Reproductive System
The Physical Examination and the Reproductive System
Assessment of the Male Reproductive System
Assessment of the Female Reproductive System
Normal and Abnormal Signs Associated with Pregnancy
Disorders of the Reproductive System
Testicular Cancer
Ovarian Cancer
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Uterine Tumors and Cancers
Endometriosis
Vaginitis
PMS
Birth Control Strategies
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Development and Inheritance
Disorders of Development
Teratogens and Abnormal Development
Induction and Sexual Differentiation
Technology and the Treatment of Infertility
Ectopic Pregnancies
Problems with Placentation
Problems with the Maintenance of a Pregnancy
Complexity and Perfection
Monitoring Postnatal Development
Death and Dying
Chromosomal Abnormalities and Genetic Analysis
End-of-Unit Clinical Problems
Case Studies
Answers to Case Studies
Answers to End-of-Unit Clinical Problems