Contemporary nutrition / Gordon M. Wardlaw.

Part One Nutrition: A Key to Health 1
1 What You Eat and Why 1
Real Life Scenario 1
Chapter Objectives 1
Refresh Your Memory 2
Nutrition and Your Health 3
What Actually Is Nutrition? 3
Nutrients Come from Food 3
Why Study Nutrition? 3
Classes and Sources of Nutrients 5
Carbohydrates 6
Lipids 7
Proteins 8
Vitamins 10
Minerals 10
Water 10
Nutrient Composition of Diets and the Human Body 11
Energy Sources and Uses 11
Current State of the North American Diet and Overall Health 13
Assessing the Current North American Diet 13
Looking Further Math Tools for Nutrition 14
Health Objectives for the United States for the Year 2010
Include Numerous Nutrition Objectives 16
Why Am I So Hungry? 18
The Hypothalamus Contributes to Satiety 18
Meal Size and Composition Affect Satiety 18
Hormones Affect Satiety 19
Does Appetite Affect What We Eat? 19
Putting Hunger and Appetite into Perspective 21
Improving Our Diets 21
Looking Further Using Scientific Research to Determine Nutrient Needs 23
Real Life Scenario Follow-Up 30
Summary 30
Study Questions 30
Further Readings 31
Rate Your Plate 32
2 Tools for Designing a Healthy Diet 33
Real Life Scenario 33
Chapter Objectives 33
Refresh Your Memory 34
A Food Philosophy That Works 35
Variety Means Eating Many Different Foods 35
Balance Means Not Overconsuming Any Single Type of Food 37
Moderation Refers Mostly to Portion Size 38
Nutrient Density Focuses on Nutrient Content 38
Energy (kcal) Density Especially Influences Calorie Intake 38
States of Nutritional Health 40
Desirable Nutrition 40
Undernutrition 40
Overnutrition 41
How Can Your Nutritional State Be Measured? 42
Analyzing Background Factors 42
Evaluating the ABCDEs 42
Recognizing the Limitations of Nutritional Assessment 44
Concern About the State of Your Nutritional Health Is Important 44
Organization of the Body 75
Looking Further Genetics and Nutrition 76
Cardiovascular System and
Lymphatic System 79
Cardiovascular System 80
Lymphatic System 80
Nervous System 82
Endocrine System 83
Immune System 85
Skin 85
Intestinal Cells 85
White Blood Cells 86
Digestive System 86
Mouth 88
Esophagus 89
Stomach 90
Small Intestine 91
Large Intestine 93
Rectum 95
Accessory Organs 95
Looking Further Common Problems with Digestive Processes 96
Real Life Scenario Follow-Up 98
Urinary System 100
Storage Capabilities 101
Summary 102
Study Questions 103
Further Readings 103
Rate Your Plate 105
Recommendations for Food Choice 45
The Food Guide Pyramid-A Menu-Planning Tool 45
Dietary Guidelines-Another Tool for Menu Planning 53
Real Life Scenario Follow-Up 56
Looking Further The Alphabet Soup of Nutrient Needs 57
What Do Food Labels Have to Offer in Diet Planning? 59
Exceptions to Food Labeling 61
Health Claims on Food Labels 61
Epilogue 64
Summary 64
Study Questions 65
Further Readings 65
Rate Your Plate 66
3 The Human Body: A Nutrition Perspective 69
Real Life Scenario 69
Chapter Objectives 69
Refresh Your Memory 70
Human Physiology 71
The Cell: Structure and Function 71
Cell (Plasma) Membrane 72
Cytoplasm 73
Mitochondria 73
Cell Nucleus 74
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 74
Golgi Complex 74
Lysosomes 74
Peroxisomes 74
Part Two The Energy-Yielding Nutrients and Alcohol 107
4 Carbohydrates 107
Real Life Scenario 107
Chapter Objectives 107
Refresh Your Memory 108
Carbohydrates-An Introduction 109
Forms of Simple Carbohydrates 109
Monosaccharides-Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose 110
Disaccharides-Sucrose, Lactose, and Maltose 111
Forms of the More Complex Carbohydrates 111
Forms of Fiber 113
Carbohydrates in Foods 114
A Closer Look at Sweeteners 115
Looking Further Sugar Alcohols and Alternative Sweeteners 117
Making Carbohydrates Available for Body Use 119
Digestion 119
Absorption 121
Phospholipids in the Body 167
Cholesterol in the Body 168
Exploring Another Dimension of Fat-Properties in Foods 168
Fat in Food Provides Some Satiety, Flavor, and Texture 168
Hydrogenation of Fatty Acids in Food Production Increases Trans Fatty Acid
Content 169
Fat Rancidity Limits Shelf Life of Foods 171
Emulsifiers Improve Many Food Products 171
Recommendations for Fat Intake 172
Real Life Scenario Follow-Up 177
Medical Interventions to Lower Blood Lipids 177
Other Possible Medical Therapies for Cardiovascular Disease 177
Summary 178
Study Questions 179
Further Readings 179
Rate Your Plate 181
6 Proteins 183
Real Life Scenario 183
Chapter Objectives 183
Refresh Your Memory 184
Protein-An Introduction 185
Proteins-Vital to Life 185
Amino Acids 186
Putting Essential and Nonessential Amino Acids into Perspective 187
Proteins-Amino Acids Bonded Together 189
Protein Synthesis 189
Protein Organization 190
Denaturation of Proteins 191
Protein in Foods 192
Looking Further A Closer Look at Plant Sources of Proteins 194
Protein Digestion and Absorption 196
Digestion 196
Absorption 197
Putting Proteins to Work in the Body 198
Producing Vital Body Structures 198
Maintaining Fluid Balance 198
Contributing to Acid-Base Balance 199
Forming Hormones and Enzymes 200
Contributing to Immune Function 200
Forming Glucose 201
Providing Energy 201
Protein Needs 201
Looking Further Vegetarian Diets 204
Real Life Scenario Follow-Up 207
Does Eating a High-Protein Diet Harm You? 208
Putting Simple Carbohydrates to Work in the Body 122
Yielding Energy 122
Sparing Protein from Use as an Energy Source and Preventing Ketosis 122
Looking Further When Blood Glucose Regulation Fails 124
Putting Fiber to Work 128
Carbohydrate Needs 130
How Much Fiber Do We Need? 130
Health Concerns Related to Carbohydrate Intake 133
Problems with High-Fiber Diets 133
Problems with High-Sugar Diets 133
Contributing to the Metabolic Syndrome 137
Moderation in Lactose Intake Is Important for Some People 138
Real Life Scenario Follow-Up 139
Summary 139
Study Questions 139
Further Readings 140
Rate Your Plate 141
5 Lipids 143
Real Life Scenario 143
Chapter Objectives 143
Refresh Your Memory 144
Lipids: Common Properties and Main Types 145
Fatty Acids: The Simplest Form of Lipids 146
Triglycerides 149
Phospholipids 150
Sterols 150
Fats and Oils in Foods 150
Fat Is Hidden in Some Foods 152
Wise Use of Reduced-Fat Foods Is Important 152
Fat Replacement Strategies for Foods 153
Making Lipids Available for Body Use 155
Digestion 155
Absorption 156
Carrying Lipids in the Bloodstream 156
Dietary Fats Are Carried by Chylomicrons 157
Other Lipoproteins Transport Lipids from the Liver to the Body Cells 158
?Good? and ?Bad? Cholesterol 159
Looking Further Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Disease 160
Essential Functions of Fatty Acids 164
The Essential Fatty Acids 164
Effects of a Deficiency of Essential Fatty Acids 165
Broader Roles for Fatty Acids and Triglycerides in the Body 166
Providing Energy 166
Storing Energy for Later Use 166
Insulating and Protecting the Body 166
Transporting Fat-Soluble Vitamins 167
Part Three Vitamins and Minerals 235
8 Vitamins 235
Real Life Scenario 235
Chapter Objectives 235
Refresh Your Memory 236
Vitamins: Vital Dietary Components 237
Have Scientists Found All the Vitamins? 238
Storage of Vitamins in the Body 238
Vitamin Toxicity 238
Preservation of Vitamins in Foods 240
The Fat-Soluble Vitamins A, D, E, and K 241
Absorption of Fat-Soluble Vitamins 241
Vitamin A 241
Functions of Vitamin A and Carotenoids 241
Vitamin A Sources and Needs 243
Upper Level for Vitamin A 245
Vitamin D 245
Functions of Vitamin D 246
Vitamin D Sources and Needs 246
Upper Level for Vitamin D 247
Vitamin E 247
Functions of Vitamin E 248
Vitamin E Sources and Needs 249
Upper Level for Vitamin E 250
Vitamin K 251
Functions of Vitamin K 251
Vitamin K Sources and Needs 251
The Water-Soluble Vitamins and Choline 253
B Vitamin Intakes of North Americans 253
Thiamin 255
Thiamin Sources and Needs 255
Riboflavin 256
Riboflavin Sources and Needs 256
Niacin 256
Niacin Sources and Needs 257
Upper Level for Niacin 257
Pantothenic Acid 258
Pantothenic Acid Sources and Needs 258
Biotin 258
Biotin Sources and Needs 258
Vitamin B-6 258
Functions of Vitamin B-6 259
Vitamin B-6 Sources and Needs 259
Upper Level for Vitamin B-6 260
Protein-Calorie Malnutrition 209
Kwashiorkor 209
Marasmus 210
Summary 211
Study Questions 212
Further Readings 212
Rate Your Plate 213
7 Alcohol 215
Real Life Scenario 215
Chapter Objectives 215
Refresh Your Memory 216
Alcohol?An Introduction 217
How Alcoholic Beverages Are Produced 217
Alcohol Metabolism 219
Benefits of Moderate Alcohol Use 221
Health Problems from Alcohol Abuse 223
A Closer Look at Cirrhosis 223
Guidance Regarding Alcohol Use 225
Looking Further Binge Drinking 226
Alcohol Dependency and Abuse 228
Alcoholism Diagnosis 229
Do You Have a Problem with Alcohol? 229
Treatment of Alcoholism 230
Real Life Scenario Follow-Up 231
Summary 231
Study Questions 232
Further Readings 232
Rate Your Plate 233
Calcium (Ca) 295
Functions of Calcium 296
Calcium Sources and Needs 297
Upper Level for Calcium 298
Real Life Scenario Follow-Up 300
Phosphorus (P) 300
Phosphorus Sources and Needs 301
Upper Level for Phosphorus 301
Magnesium (Mg) 301
Magnesium Sources and Needs 301
Upper Level for Magnesium 302
Sulfur (S) 302
Looking Further Minerals and Hypertension 304
Trace Minerals--An Overview 307
Iron (Fe) 307
Absorption and Distribution of Iron 307
Functions of Iron 308
Iron Sources and Needs 309
Upper Level for Iron 310
Zinc (Zn) 311
Functions of Zinc 311
Zinc Sources and Needs 312
Upper Level for Zinc 313
Selenium (Se) 313
Selenium Sources and Needs 314
Upper Level for Selenium 314
Iodide (I) 314
Function of Iodide 315
Iodide Sources and Needs 315
Upper Level for Iodide 315
Copper (Cu) 315
Copper Sources and Needs 316
Upper Level for Copper 316
Fluoride (F) 316
Functions of Fluoride 316
Fluoride Sources and Needs 317
Upper Level for Fluoride 317
Chromium (Cr) 317
Chromium Sources and Needs 317
Manganese (Mn) 318
Upper Level for Manganese 318
Molybdenum (Mo) 318
Upper Level for Molybdenum 318
Other Trace Minerals 321
Looking Further Minerals and Osteoporosis 322
Summary 327
Study Questions 327
Further Readings 328
Rate Your Plate 329
Folate 260
Functions of Folate 261
Folate Sources and Needs 262
Upper Level for Folate 264
Vitamin B-12 264
Functions of Vitamin B-12 265
Vitamin B-12 Sources and Needs 265
Vitamin C 266
Functions of Vitamin C 267
Vitamin C Sources and Needs 267
Upper Level for Vitamin C 268
Choline 269
Choline Sources and Needs 269
Real Life Scenario Follow-Up 270
Looking Further Nutrient Supplements: Who Needs Them and Why? 273
Vitamin-Like Compounds 277
Summary 277
Study Questions 278
Further Readings 278
Rate Your Plate 280
9 Water and Minerals 281
Real Life Scenario 281
Chapter Objectives 281
Refresh Your Memory 282
Water 283
Water in the Body--Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid 283
Water Contributes to Body Temperature Regulation 285
Water Helps Remove Waste Products 285
Other Functions of Water 286
How Much Water Do We Need per Day? 286
Thirst 287
Is There Such a Thing as Too Much Water? 288
Minerals--An Overview 288
Mineral Bioavailability 289
Fiber-Mineral Interactions 290
Mineral-Mineral Interactions 290
Vitamin-Mineral Interactions 290
Mineral Toxicities 290
Major Minerals 291
Sodium (Na) 291
Sodium Sources and Needs 291
Upper Level for Sodium 292
Potassium (K) 293
Potassium Sources and Needs 294
Chloride (Cl) 295
Chloride Sources and Needs 295
Upper Level for Chloride 295
Part Four Energy: Balance & Imbalance 331
10 Energy Balance and Weight Control 331
Real Life Scenario 331
Chapter Objectives 331
Refresh Your Memory 332
Energy Balance 333
Positive and Negative Energy Balance 333
Energy Intake 335
Energy Output 336
Basal Metabolism 336
Determination of Energy Use by the Body 338
Direct and Indirect Calorimetry 338
Estimates of Energy Needs 339
Estimation of a Healthy Weight 340
Using Body Mass Index (BMI) to Set Healthy Weight 340
Putting Healthy Weight into Perspective 341
Energy Imbalance 342
Estimating Body Fat Content and Diagnosing Obesity 342
Using Body Mass Index to Define Obesity 344
Using Body Fat Distribution to Further Evaluate Obesity 344
Looking Further Why Some People Are Obese---Nature Versus Nurture 347
Lifestyle Changes to Combat Overweight and Obesity 350
What to Look for in a Sound Weight-Loss Plan 351
Weight Loss in Perspective 351
Control of Calorie Intake--The Main Key to Weight Loss 352
Regular Physical Activity--A Second Key to Weight Loss and Especially Important
for Later Weight Maintenance 354
Behavior Modification--A Third Strategy for Weight Loss 354
Relapse Prevention Is Important 357
Social Support Aids Behavioral Change 357
Looking Further Popular Diets--Why All the Commotion? 358
Real Life Scenario Follow-Up 361
Professional Help for Weight Loss 361
Medications for Weight Loss 362
Treatment of Severe Obesity 363
Treatment of Underweight 364
Summary 365
Study Questions 366
Further Readings 366
Rate Your Plate 367
11 Nutrition: Fitness and Sports 373
Real Life Scenario 373
Chapter Objectives 373
Refresh Your Memory 374
The Close Relationship Between Nutrition and Fitness 375
Looking Further Designing a Fitness Program 378
Energy Sources for Exercising Muscles 381
Phosphocreatine Is the First Line of Defense for Resupplying ATP in Muscles 381
Carbohydrate Fuel for Muscles 382
Fat: The Main Fuel for Prolonged Low-Intensity Activity 384
Protein: A Minor Fuel Source, Primarily for Endurance Exercise 385
Power Food: Dietary Advice for Athletes 386
Calorie Needs 386
Carbohydrate Needs 387
Fat Needs 390
Protein Needs 391
Vitamin and Mineral Needs 391
A Focus on Fluid Needs 393
Specialized Dietary Advice for Before, During, and After Endurance Exercise 395
Replenishing Fuel During Endurance Exercise 396
Carbohydrate Intake During Recovery from Prolonged Exercise 398
Real Life Scenario Follow-Up 399
Looking Further Evaluating Ergogenic Aids to Enhance Athletic Performance 400
Summary 402
Study Questions 402
Further Readings 403
Rate Your Plate 404
12 Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Other Conditions 407
Real Life Scenario 407
Chapter Objectives 407
Refresh Your Memory 408
Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa 422
Looking Further Thoughts of a Bulimic Woman 424
Other Examples of Disordered Eating: Binge-Eating Disorder and the Female
Athlete Triad 425
Binge-Eating Disorder 425
Female Athlete Triad 427
Prevention of Eating Disorders 429
Summary 430
Study Questions 431
Further Readings 431
Rate Your Plate 432
From Ordered to Disordered Eating Habits 409
Food: More Than Just a Source of Nutrients 409
Overview of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa 410
A Closer Look at Anorexia Nervosa 412
Profile of the Typical Person with Anorexia Nervosa 413
Early Warning Signs 414
Physical Effects of Anorexia Nervosa 414
Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa 416
Looking Further Thoughts of an Anorexic Woman 417
Real Life Scenario Follow-Up 419
A Closer Look at Bulimia Nervosa 420
Typical Behavior in Bulimia Nervosa 421
Health Problems Stemming from Bulimia Nervosa 422
Part Five Nutrition: A Focus on Life Stages 433
13 Pregnancy and Breastfeeding 433
Real Life Scenario 433
Chapter Objectives 433
Refresh Your Memory 434
Planning for Pregnancy 435
Prenatal Growth and Development 436
Early Growth-The First Trimester Is a Very Critical Time 436
Second Trimester 438
Third Trimester 439
Definition of a Successful Pregnancy 439
Effect of Nutritional Status on Pregnancy Success 440
Increased Nutrient Needs to Support Pregnancy 440
Increased Calorie Needs 440
Adequate Weight Gain 441
Increased Protein and Carbohydrate Needs 442
Increased Vitamin Needs 443
Increased Mineral Needs 443
Food Plan for Pregnant Women 444
Use of Prenatal Vitamin and Mineral Supplements 444
Pregnant Vegetarians 445
Looking Further Effects of Nutritional and Other Factors on Pregnancy Outcome
446
Prenatal Care and Counseling 449
Real Life Scenario Follow-Up 450
Physiological Changes of Concern During Pregnancy 450
Heartburn, Constipation, and Hemorrhoids 451
Edema 451
Morning Sickness 451
Anemia 452
Gestational Diabetes 452
Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension 452
Breastfeeding 453
Ability to Breastfeed 453
Production of Human Milk 454
Let-Down Reflex 455
Nutritional Qualities of Human Milk 456
Food Plan for Women Who Breastfeed 457
Breastfeeding Today 458
Summary 461
Study Questions 461
Further Readings 462
Rate Your Plate 463
14 Nutrition from Infancy Through Adolescence 465
Real Life Scenario 465
Chapter Objectives 465
Refresh Your Memory 466
Nutrition and Child Health--An Introduction 467
Infant Growth and Nutrition Needs 467
The Growing Infant 467
Effect of Undernutrition on Growth 469
Assessment of Infant Growth and Development 469
Adipose Tissue Growth 470
Failure to Thrive 470
Infant Nutritional Needs 471
Formula Feeding for Infants 474
Expanding the Infant?s Mealtime Choices 476
Weaning from the Breast or Bottle 478
Dietary Guidelines for Infant Feeding 479
Real Life Scenario Follow-Up 480
Inappropriate Infant Feeding Practices 480
Looking Further Food Allergies and Intolerances 481
Preschool Children: Nutrition Concerns 483
How to Help a Child Choose Nutritious Foods 484
Childhood Feeding Problems 485
Do Children Need a Multivitamin and Mineral Supplement? 486
Nutritional Problems in Preschool Children 487
School-Age Children: Nutrition Concerns 488
Breakfast, Fat Intake, and Snacks 489
Type 2 Diabetes 489
Overweight and Obesity 490
Teenage Years: Nutrition Concerns 491
Nutritional Problems and Concerns of Teens 492
Helping Teens Eat More Nutritious Foods 492
Are Teenage Snacking Practices Harmful? 493
Summary 493
Study Questions 494
Further Readings 494
Rate Your Plate 495
15 Nutrition During Adulthood 497
Real Life Scenario 497
Chapter Objectives 497
Refresh Your Memory 498
Nutrition and Adulthood--An Introduction 499
A Diet for the Adult Years 500
Are Adults Following Current Dietary Recommendations? 501
A Closer Look at Middle Age and Older Adulthood 501
Life Span 502
Life Expectancy 502
The Graying of North America 502
What Actually Is Aging? 503
Looking Further Nutrition and Cancer 505
Nutritional Implications of Aging 509
Medications Influence Nutrient Needs 510
Alternative Medicine and Aging 511
Depression in Older Adults 511
Alcoholism in Older Adults 513
Nutrient Needs in Middle Age and Older Adulthood 514
Planning a Diet for People in Their Later Years 516
Community Nutrition Services for Older People 517
Real Life Scenario Follow-Up 519
Summary 519
Study Questions 520
Further Readings 520
Rate Your Plate 521
Part Six Nutrition: Beyond the Nutrients 523
16 Food Safety 523
Real Life Scenario 523
Chapter Objectives 523
Refresh Your Memory 524
Food Safety: Setting the Stage 525
Effects of Foodborne Illness 525
Why Is Foodborne Illness So Common? 527
Food Preservation--Past, Present, and Future 528
Foodborne Illness: When Undesirable Microorganisms
Alter Foods 529
General Rules for Preventing Foodborne Illness 532
Real Life Scenario Follow-Up 535
Food Additives 536
Why Are Food Additives Used? 536
Intentional Versus Incidental Food Additives 537
The GRAS List 537
Are Synthetic Chemicals Always Harmful? 537
Tests of Food Additives for Safety 537
Looking Further Caffeine--Is There an Ax to Grind? 538
Approval for a New Food Additive 540
Substances That Occur Naturally in Foods and Can Cause Illness 544
Environmental Contaminants in Food 544
Protection from Environmental Toxins in Foods 544
Looking Further Pesticides in Food 546
Looking Further The Role of Biotechnology in Expanding Worldwide Food
Availability 575
Some Concluding Thoughts 577
Summary 578
Study Questions 578
Further Readings 578
Rate Your Plate 580
Appendix A Daily Values Used on Food Labels A-1
Appendix B Dietary Advice for Canadians A-2
Appendix C The Exchange System: A Helpful Menu-Planning Tool A-10
Appendix D Exchange System Lists A-15
Appendix E Dietary Intake and Energy Expenditure Assessment A-23
Appendix F Important Chemical Structures in Nutrition A-33
Appendix G The 1983 Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Height-Weight Table and
Determination of Frame Size A-38
Appendix H Sources of Nutrition Information A-40
Appendix I English-Metric Conversions and Metric Units A-44
Appendix J Food Composition Table A-45
Glossary G-1
Credits C-1
Index I-1
Summary 549
Study Questions 549
Further Readings 549
Rate Your Plate 551
17 Undernutrition Throughout the World 553
Real Life Scenario 553
Chapter Objectives 553
Refresh Your Memory 554
World Hunger: A Continuing Plague 555
World Hunger Today 555
Critical Life Stages When Undernutrition Is Particularly Devastating 558
General Effects of Semistarvation 560
Real Life Scenario Follow-Up 561
Undernutrition in the United States 561
Helping the Hungry in the United States 562
Socioeconomic Factors Related to Undernutrition 564
Possible Solutions to Poverty and Hunger in the United States 565
Undernutrition in the Developing World 566
Food/Population Ratio 566
War and Political/Civil Unrest 568
Rapid Depletion of Natural Resources 569
Inadequate Shelter and Sanitation 570
High External Debt 571
The Impact of AIDS Worldwide 571
Reducing Undernutrition in the Developing World 573

"Contains new information on 2005 dietary guidelines for Americans & MyPyramid"--Cover.

Includes bibliographical references and index.