Water quality for agriculture / R.S. Ayers and D.W. Westcot.

Contents


1. WATER QUALITY EVALUATION

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Water Quality Problems

1.2.1 Salinity

1.2.2 Water infiltration rate

1.2.3 Toxicity

1.2.4 Miscellaneous

1.3 Approach to Evaluating Water Quality

1.4 Water Quality Guidelines

2. SALINITY PROBLEMS

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Build-up of Soil Salinity

2.3 Salinity Effects on Crops

2.4 Management of Salinity Problems

2.4.1 Drainage

2.4.2 Salinity control by leaching

2.4.3 Crop tolerance to salinity

2.4.4 Cultural practices

2.4.5 Changing methods of irrigation

2.4.6 Land development for salinity control

2.4.7 Changing or blending water supplies

3. INFILTRATION PROBLEMS

3.1 The Infiltration Problem

3.1.1 Infiltration problem evaluation

3.2 Management of Infiltration Problems

3.2.1 Soil and water amendments

3.2.2 Blending water supplies

3.2.3 Cultivation and deep tillage

3.2.4 Organic residues

3.2.5 Irrigation management

4. TOXICITY PROBLEMS

4.1 Specific Ions and Their Effects

4.1.1 Chloride

4.1.2 Sodium

4.1.3 Boron

4.2 Management of Toxicity Problems

4.2.1 Leaching

4.2.2 Crop selection

4.2.3 Cultural practices

4.2.4 Blending water supplies

4.3 Toxicity Effects due to Sprinkler Irrigation

5. MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS

5.1 Excess Nitrogen

5.2 Abnormal pH

5.3 Scale Deposits

5.4 Magnesium Problems

5.5 Trace Elements and Their Toxicity

5.5.1 Natural occurrence in water

5.5.2 Toxicities

5.5.3 Evaluation criteria

5.6 Nutrition and Water Quality

5.6.1 Nutrition and salinity

5.6.2 Water infiltration problems and nutrition

5.6.3 Nutrition and toxicity

5.6.4 Miscellaneous

5.7 Clogging Problems in Localized (Drip) Irrigation Systems

5.8 Corrosion and Encrustation

5.8.1 Metal corrosion

5.8.2 Concrete corrosion

5.9 Vector Problems Associated with Water Quality

6. WATER QUALITY FOR LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Use of Saline Water for Livestock

6.3 Toxic Substances in Livestock Water

7. IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY AND WASTEWATER RE-USE

8. EXPERIENCES USING WATER OF VARIOUS QUALITIES

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Protection of Irrigation Water Quality - Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, USA

8.3 Re-use of Agricultural Drainage Water - Broadview Water District, USA

8.4 Use of an Exceptionally Low Salinity Water - Friant-Kern Canal, San Joaquin Valley, California, USA

8.5 High Bicarbonate Water Used for Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation - Denver, Colorado, USA

8.6 Use of Poor Quality Water - Bahrain

8.7 Drainage Problems - Imperial Valley, California, USA

8.8 Need for Drainage - Tigris-Euphrates River Basin, Iraq

8.9 High Salinity Water - Arizona, USA

8.10 Use of Agricultural Drainage Water for Production of Selected Crops - Imperial Valley and San Joaquin Valley, California, USA

8.11 Use of Marginal Quality Water - Medjerda Valley, Tunisia

8.12 Use of Poor Quality Water for Irrigation - United Arab Emirates

8.13 Irrigation Water Quality - Lake Chad, Africa

8.14 River Water Quality Variations - Ethiopia and Somalia

8.15 Groundwater Degradation - Wadi Dhuleil, Jordan

8.16 Surface Water Quality Degradation - Yemen Arab Republic

8.17 Sediment in the Irrigation Water Supply - Ethiopia

8.18 High Fluoride in Animal Drinking Water - New Mexico, USA

8.19 Poor Quality Groundwater for Livestock Drinking Water - New Mexico, USA

8.20 Fresno Irrigation Scheme Using Treated Wastewater - California, USA

8.21 Agricultural Use of Treated Wastewater - Braunschweig, FR Germany

8.22 Wastewater Irrigation - Bakersfield, California, USA

8.23 Wastewater Irrigation - Tuolumne Regional Water District, California, USA

8.24 Irrigation with Wastewater - Santa Rosa, California, USA

8.25 Use of Wastewater High in Boron - Calistoga, California, USA

Bibliography