Diseases of the human body / Carol D. Tamparo, Marcia A. Lewis.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Contents
Chapter 1 The Disease Process
Predisposing Factors
Hereditary Diseases
Classification of Hereditary Diseases
Chromosomal Disorders
Multifactorial Disorders
Inflammation and Infections
Trauma
Head Trauma
Chest Trauma
Abdominopelvic Trauma
Neck and Spine Trauma
Extremities Trauma
Physical and Chemical Agents
Extreme Heat and Cold
Ionizing Radiation
Extremes of Atmospheric Pressure
Electric Shock
Poisoning
Near-drowning
Bites of Insects, Spiders, and Snakes
Asphyxiation
Burns
Neoplasia and Cancer
Immune-Related Factors in Disease
Immune Response
Nutritional Imbalance
Malnourishment
Vitamin Deficiencies and Excesses
Mineral Deficiencies and Excesses
Obesity
Starvation
Idiopathic and Iatrogenic Diseases
Summary
Case Studies
Review Questions
Chapter 2 Integrative Medicine and Alternative Therapies
Changing Climate for Alternative Therapies
Definition of Terms
History of Conventional Medicine
History of Integrative Medicine
Integration of Both Worlds
Separating Fact from Fallacy
Role And Practice Of Alternative HEALTH Health-Care Providers
Mind's Connection with Health and Disease
Personal Responsibility
Influence of Lifestyle
Environmental Influences--Internal and External
Value of Good Nutrition
Stress and Distress
Managing Negative Emotions
Laughter and Play
Love, Friendship, and Faith
Summary
Case Studies
Review Questions
Chapter 3 Pain and Its Management
What Is Pain?
Definition of Pain
Purpose of Pain
Pathophysiology of Pain
Gate Control Theory of Pain
Nociception Pain Process
Assessment of Pain
Acute, Chronic, and Cancer-Related Pain
Treatment of Pain
Medications
Surgery
Alternative Therapies
Biofeedback
Relaxation
Imagery
Hypnosis
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
Massage
Humor, Laughter, and Play
Music
Acupuncture
Aromatherapy
Therapeutic Touch
Yoga Therapy
Summary
Case Studies
Review Questions
Chapter 4 Infectious Diseases
Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases
Malaria
West Nile Virus
Smallpox (Variola)
Monkeypox
Anthrax
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
Lime Disease
Escherichia coli O157:H7
Multidrug-Resistant Organisms
Communicable Diseases
Common Cold
Influenza
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
Immunosuppressant Syndromes
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (HIV)/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Communicable Diseases of Childhood and Adolescence
Lyme Ddisease
prevention PREVENTION The best prevention is to cover as much of the body as possible when in the woods. Look for tiny pinpoint specks on your body and clothing. Use an insect repellent on clothes and exposed areas of arms and hands as directed. Make certain pets who go outside have protection against fleas and ticks and inspect them after outings.
Escherichia coli O0157:H7
description DESCRIPTION Escherichia. coli O0157:H7 is only one of hundreds of strains of the bacterium E. coli. Most strains are harmless and live in the intestinal tract of healthy humans and animals, but the 0157O157:H7 strain produces a powerful toxin and can cause serious illness. E. coli 0157O157:H7 is an emerging cause of foodborne illness, with an estimated 73,000 cases of infection and 61 deaths in the United States each year. The infection, associated with eating undercooked, contaminated ground beef, consuming sprouts, lettuce, and salami, or drinking unpasteurized milk and fruit juices, often leads to bloody diarrhea.
etiologyETIOLOGY The organism, which can be found on some cattle ranches, lives in the intestines of healthy cattle. Meat may become contaminated during slaughter. Organisms can be thoroughly mixed into beef when it is ground. Bacteria present on the cow's udders or on equipment may get into raw milk. Swimming in sewage-contaminated water also can cause infection. Bacteria in the diarrheal stools of infected persons can be passed from one person to another if handwashing and personal hygiene is inadequate.
signs and symptomsSIGNS AND SYMPTOMS The infection causes severe bloody diarrhea and abdominal cramps, although in some cases, the patient is asymptomatic. Usually no fever is present and the illness will resolve in 5 to 10 days. In elderly persons and children, the infection can cause a complication called hemolytic uremic syndrome. This syndrome is the leading cause of acute kidney failure in children in the United States. The syndrome is associated with death and long-term complications in a small percentage of individuals. Complications include end-stage renal disease, hypertension, or seizures, blindness, and paralysis.
diagnostic proceduresDIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES The infection from E. coli 0157O157:H7 is diagnosed by detecting the bacteria in the stool. Some laboratories in the United States do not routinely test for this bacteria, and it is not considered a reportable disease in some states. Therefore, it may be necessary to request that the stool specimen be tested specifically for the organism in all individuals who suddenly have bloody diarrhea.
treatmentTREATMENT Persons with only diarrhea usually recover without specific treatment in 5 to 10 days. However, hospitalization may be necessary in severe cases, such as those with hemolytic uremic syndrome, which is life-threatening and treated aggressively. Blood transfusions and kidney dialysis are usually required.
Alternative Therapy: Alternative therapy is supportive only and designed to make the client more comfortable.
Teaching TipsTeaching Tips: : The disease process may be acute or can linger with complications; hence, it is wise to educate your client to specifically follow the treatment plan. Rest, eating a balanced diet, and drinking ample fluids is recommended.
prognosisPROGNOSIS Persons with only diarrhea usually recover completetly. The prognosis is good with bloody diarrhea symptoms only; it is guarded if hemolytic uremic syndrome develops. About one- third of people with the syndrome either develop abnormal kidney function or require long-term dialysis.
preventionPREVENTION Consumers can prevent the illness by cooking all ground beef thoroughly to an internal temperature of at least 160° F, by consuming only pasteurized milk and fruit juices, and by making certain that all persons, especially children, wash their hands carefully with soap and water. Washing counters, utensils, and surfaces where raw meat has been may help prevent cross-contamination. Washing fruit and vegetables thoroughly is important as well. Meat processing plants are more regulated as a result of E. coli 0157O157:H7.
IMMUNIZATION This entire section goes to the end of the chapter with the paragraphs from earlier pages.
The incidence of certain communicable diseases in the United States has steadily decreased over recent decades. Children and adolescents are no longer the routine victims of many diseases, thanks to advances in medical knowledge, general improvements in living conditions, and government-mandated immunization programs. Poliomyelitis, for example, once endemic in the United States, occurs only rarely since the advent of the Salk vaccine.
Caution cannot be thrown to the wind, however. A serious outbreak of rubeola occurred recently on a college campus, where a substantial number of students had not been vaccinated against the disease owing to their religious beliefs. In the inner cities of the United States, limited access to medical care, lack of knowledge, and distrust of government-sponsored health outreach programs have conspired to leave significant numbers of children unprotected by vaccines. In the absence of the effective immunization provided by vaccines, communicable disease can still cause major epidemics.
A vaccine is a suspension of infectious agents, components of the agents, or genetically engineered antigens. It is given for the purpose of establishing resistance to an infectious disease. There are two general classes of vaccines:
Use of live, generally attentuated, infectious agents (e.g., measles virus).
Use of inactivated agents or products obtained by through genetic recombination (acellular pertussis vaccines).
Both approaches are used in many diseases (poliomylitis and influenza).
Whatever its makeup, a vaccine stimulates the development of specific defense mechanisms that should result in permanent protection from the disease. Table 4-.3 is an immunization schedule that listsing the vaccines commonly administered during childhood and adolescence.
The immunization schedules are generally based on the consensus of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) of the Centers for the Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP). The current schedule is updated annually (s. See www.cispimmunize.org/ill/ill_main.html for annual reports).
Alternative Therapy: One of the areas where alternative medicine practitioners and traditional physicians disagree is on the use of vaccinations to prevent communicable diseases. The majority of alternative practitioners believe that it is better to allow the communicable disease to run its course and provide subsequent immunity rather than risking the side effects of vaccinations. Alternative therapy recommendations for the following communicable diseases are to make the child comfortable, while providing proper hydration and nutrition.
Teaching Tips:
IT IS IMPORTANT (CAN'T GET OUT OF CAPS) THAT ALL INDIVIDUALS BE GIVEN INFORMATION RELATED TO THE PARTICULAR VACCINE AND ANY SIDE EFFECTS THAT MIGHT OCCUR. RESPECT MOST BE GIVEN TO THOSE WHO REFUSE VACCINATIONS; HOWEVER, IT CAN BE HELPFUL TO MAKE CERTAIN THEY ARE PROPERLY INFORMED OF THE DANGERS OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES.
Infectious Diarrheal Diseases
Rubeola (Measles)
Rubella (German Measles)
Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease)
Mumpsumps
Varicella (Chickenpox)
Diphtheria
Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
Tetanus (Lockjaw)
Immunization
Summary
Case Studies
Review Questions
Chapter 5: Neoplasms
Cancer Risk Factors and Preventive Measures
Classification of Neoplasms
Etiology of Neoplasms
Diagnosis of Neoplasms
Grading and Staging of Neoplasms
Treatment of Neoplasms
Surgery
Radiation Therapy
Chemotherapy
Immunotherapy (Biotherapy)
Hormonal Therapy
Alternative Therapy
Summary
Case Studies
Review Questions
Chapter 6 Congenital Diseases and Disorders
Nervous System Diseases and Disorders
Cerebral Palsy
Neural Tube Defects: Spina Bifida, Meningocele, Myelomeningocele
Hydrocephalus
Digestive System Diseases and Disorders
Pyloric Stenosis
Hirschsprung's Disease (Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon)
Cleft Lip and Palate
Cardiovascular Diseases and Disorders
Congenital Heart Defects
Genitourinary Diseases and Disorders
Undescended Testes (Cryptorchidism)
Congenital Defects of the Ureter, Bladder, and Urethra
Musculoskeletal Diseases and Disorders
Clubfoot (Talipes)
Congenital Hip Dysplasia
Metabolic Errors
Cystic Fibrosis
Phenylketonuria
Summary
Case Studies
Review Questions
Chapter 7 Mental Health Diseases and Disorders
Diagnostic Procedures
Mental Health Assessment
Nature Versus Nurture
Culture/Age/Gender
Depression
Schizophrenia
Anxiety Disorders
Personality Disorders
Substance Abuse
Disorders Generally Diagnosed During Childhood or Adolescent
Mental Retardation
ADHD/ADD
Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
Sexual Disorders
Sexual Pain Disorder/Dyspareunia
Sexual Arousal Disorder/Male Erectile Disorder
Sexual Arousal Disorder/Orgasmic Disorder
Orgasmic Disorder/Premature Ejaculation
Case Studies
Review Questions
Chapter 8 Urinary System Diseases and Disorders
Kidney Diseases and Disorders
Polycystic Kidney Disease
Pyelonephritis (Acute)
Glomerulonephritis (Acute)
Nephrotic Syndrome
End-Stage Renal Disease
Acute Tubular Necrosis
Renal Calculi (Uroliths or Kidney Stones)
Hydronephrosis
Lower Urinary Tract Diseases and Disorders
Cystitis and Urethritis
Neurogenic Bladder
Tumors of the Bladder
Common Symptoms of Urinary System Diseases and Disorders
Summary
Case Studies
Review Questions
Chapter 9 Reproductive System Diseases and Disorders
Male and Female Infertility
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Gonorrhea
Genital Herpes
Genital Warts
Syphilis
Trichomoniasis
Chlamydial Infections
Common Symptoms of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Male Reproductive Diseases and Disorders
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Prostatitis
Epididymitis
Prostatic Cancer
Testicular Cancer
Common Symptoms of Male Reproductive Diseases and Disorders
Female Reproductive Diseases and Disorders
Premenstrual Syndrome
Amenorrhea
Dysmenorrhea
Ovarian Cysts and Tumors
Endometriosis
Uterine Leiomyomas
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Menopause
Ovarian Cancer
Common Symptoms of Female Reproductive System Diseases and Disorders
Diseases and Disorders of the Breasts
Mammary Dysplasia or Fibrocystic Disease
Benign Fibroadenoma
Carcinoma of the Breast
Breast Reduction
Diseases and Disorders of Pregnancy and Delivery
Spontaneous Abortion
Ectopic Pregnancy
Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension (Preeclampsia and Eclampsia)
Placenta Previa
Abruptio Placentae
Premature Labor/Premature Rupture of Membranes
Common Symptoms of Diseases and Disorders of Pregnancy and Delivery
Cesarean Birth (C-Section)
Summary
Case Studies
Review Questions
Chapter 10 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
Stomatitis
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Gastritis
Gastroenteritis
Hiatal Hernia
Peptic Ulcers
Infantile Colic
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
Celiac Disease (Gluten-Induced Enteropathy)
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Crohn's Disease (Regional Enteritis, Granulomatous Colitis)
Ulcerative Colitis
Diverticular Disease
Acute Appendicitis
Hemorrhoids
Abdominal Hernias
Colorectal Cancer
Diarrhea
Helminthes (Worms)
Accessory Organs of Digestion: Pancreas, Gallbladder, and Liver
Pancreatitis
Cholelithiasis and Cholecystitis
Cirrhosis
Acute Viral Hepatitis
Pancreatic Cancer
Common Symptoms of Digestive System Diseases and Disorders
Summary
Case Studies
Review Questions
Chapter 11 Respiratory System Diseases and Disorders
Epistaxis (Nosebleed)
Sinusitis
Acute and Chronic Pharyngitis
Acute and Chronic Laryngitis
Infectious Mononucleosis
Pneumonia
Legionella Infections (Legionnaires' Disease)
Lung Abscess
Pneumothorax
Pleurisy (Pleuritis)
Pleural Effusion
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Asthma
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Pneumoconiosis
Silicosis
Asbestosis
Berylliosis
Anthracosis
Respiratory Mycoses
Pulmonary Edema
Cor Pulmonale
Pulmonary Embolism
Respiratory Acidosis (Hypercapnia)
Respiratory Alkalosis (Hypocapnia)
Atelectasis
Bronchiectasis
Lung Cancer
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Acute Tonsillitis
Adenoid Hyperplasia
Croup
Common Symptoms of Lung Diseases
Summary
Case Studies
Review Questions
Chapter 12 Cardiovascular System Diseases and Disorders
Reye's Syndrome
Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease
Carditis
Pericarditis
Myocarditis
Valvular Heart Diseases and Disorders
Mitral Insufficiency/Stenosis
Aortic Insufficiency/Stenosis
Hypertensive Heart Disease
Essential Hypertension
Coronary Diseases and Disorders
Coronary Artery Disease
Angina Pectoris
Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)
Congestive Heart Failure
Cardiac Arrest
Blood Vessel Diseases and Disorders
Aneurysms: Abdominal, Thoracic, and Peripheral Arteries
Arteriosclerosis and Atherosclerosis
Thrombophlebitis
Varicose Veins
Anemias and Other Red Blood Cell Diseases and Disorders
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia
Pernicious Anemia
Aplastic Anemia
Sickle Cell Anemia
Polycythemia Vera
Leukemias
Acute Myeloblastic (Myelogenous) Leukemia
Acute Lymphoblastic (Lymphocytic) Leukemia
Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Lymphatic Diseases and Disorders
Lymphedema
Hodgkin's Disease
Lymphosarcoma
Common Symptoms of Cardiovascular System Diseases and Disorders
Summary
Case Studies
Review Questions
Chapter 13 Nervous System Diseases and Disorders
Headaches
Acute and Chronic Headache
Migraine Headache
Head Trauma
Shaken Baby Syndrome
Epidural and Subdural Hematoma (Acute)
Cerebral Concussion
Cerebral Contusion
Paralysis
Hemiplegia
Spinal Cord Injuries: Paraplegia and Quadriplegia
Infections of the Central Nervous System
Acute Bacterial Meningitis
Brain Abscess
Peripheral Nervous Diseases and Disorders
Peripheral Neuritis
Bell's Palsy
Cerebral Diseases and Disorders
Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)
Transient Ischemic Attacks
Epilepsy
Degenerative Neural Diseases
Alzheimer's Disease
Parkinson's Disease
Multiple Sclerosis
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Cancer
Tumors of the Brain
Common Symptoms of Nervous System Diseases
Summary
Case Studies
Review Questions
Chapter 14 Endocrine System Diseases and Disorders
Pituitary Gland Diseases
Hyperpituitarism (Gigantism, Acromegaly)
Hypopituitarism
Diabetes Insipidus
Thyroid Gland Diseases
Simple Goiter
Thyroiditis
Hyperthyroidism (Graves' Disease)
Hypothyroidism (Cretinism, Myxedema)
Parathyroid Gland Diseases
Hyperparathyroidism (Hypercalcemia)
Hypoparathyroidism (Hypocalcemia)
Adrenal Gland Disease
Cushing's Syndrome
Endocrine Dysfunction of the Pancreas
Diabetes Mellitus
Common Symptoms of Endocrine System Diseases and Disorders
Summary
Case Studies
Review Questions
Chapter 15 Musculoskeletal Diseases and Disorders
Bones
Deformities of the Spine: Lordosis, Kyphosis, and Scoliosis
Herniated Intervertebral Disc
Osteoporosis
Osteomyelitis
Paget's Disease (Osteitis Deformans)
Fractures
Joints
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Gout
Muscles and Connective Tissue
Sprains and Strains
Bursitis and Tendonitis
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Myasthenia Gravis
Polymyositis
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
Neoplasms
Common Symptoms of Musculoskeletal Diseases and Disorders
Summary
Case Studies
Review Questions
Chapter 16 Skin Diseases and Disorders
Psoriasis
Urticaria (Hives)
Acne Vulgaris
Alopecia
Furuncles and Carbuncles
Pediculosis
Decubitus Ulcers
Corns and Calluses
Dermatophytosis
Scabies
Impetigo
Warts
Scleroderma
Dermatitis
Seborrheic Dermatitis
Contact Dermatitis
Latex Allergy
Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)
Herpes-Related Skin Lesions
Cold Sores and Fever Blisters
Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
Cancer
Skin Carcinomas
Malignant Melanoma
Common Symptoms of Skin Diseases and Disorders
Summary
Case Studies
Review Questions
Chapter 17 Eye and Ear Diseases and Disorders
Eye Diseases and Disorders
Refractive Errors
Nystagmus
Stye (Hordeolum)
Corneal Abrasion
Cataract
Glaucoma
Retinal Detachment
Macular Degeneration (Age-Related Macular Degeneration)
Strabismus
Eye Inflammations
Conjunctivitis
Uveitis
Blepharitis
Keratitis
Common Symptoms of Eye Diseases and Disorders
Ear Diseases and Disorders
Impacted Cerumen
External Otitis (Swimmer's Ear)
Otitis Media
Otosclerosis
Motion Sickness
Ménière's Disease
Hearing Loss and Deafness
Common Symptoms of Ear Diseases and Disorders
Summary
Case Studies
Review Questions