Human biology / Sylvia S. Mader ; with contributions by Linda D. Smith-Staton, Susannah Nelson Longenbaker.

Includes index.

Contents

CHAPTER 1
A Human Perspective 1
1.1 Biologically Speaking 2
1.2 The Process of Science 6
1.3 Science and Social Responsibility 9
PART I
Human Organization 13
CHAPTER 2
Chemistry of Life 13
2.1 Basic Chemistry 14
2.2 Water and Living Things 18
2.3 Molecules of Life 22
2.4 Carbohydrates 22
2.5 Lipids 24
2.6 Proteins 26
2.7 Nucleic Acids 29
CHAPTER 3
Cell Structure and Function 35
3.1 What Is a Cell? 36
3.2 Cellular Organization 38
3.3 Cellular Metabolism 48
CHAPTER 4
Organization and Regulation of Body Systems 55
4.1 Types of Tissues 56
4.2 Integumentary System 64
4.3 Organ Systems 66
4.4 Homeostasis 70
PART II
Maintenance of the Human Body 77
CHAPTER 5
Cardiovascular System: Heart and Blood Vessels 77
5.1 Overview of the Cardiovascular System 78
5.2 The Blood Vessels 79
5.3 The Heart 80
5.4 Features of the Cardiovascular System 84
5.5 The Cardiovascular Pathways 86
5.6 Cardiovascular Disorders 88
5.7 The Lymphatic System Helps the Cardiovascular System 92
CHAPTER 6
Cardiovascular System: Blood 97
6.1 Blood: An Overview 99
6.2 Composition of Blood 99
6.3 Blood Clotting 104
6.4 Blood Typing 106
6.5 Capillary Exchange 108
6.6 Homeostasis 110
CHAPTER 7
Digestive System and Nutrition 115
7.1 The Digestive Tract 116
7.2 Three Accessory Organs 124
7.3 Digestive Enzymes 126
7.4 Nutrition 128
CHAPTER 8
Respiratory System 141
8.1 The Respiratory System 142
8.2 Mechanism of Breathing 146
8.3 Gas Exchanges in the Body 150
8.4 Respiration and Health 152
CHAPTER 9
Urinary System and Excretion 159
9.1 Urinary System 160
9.2 Kidney Structure 163
9.3 Urine Formation 167
9.4 Regulatory Functions of the Kidneys 168
9.5 Problems with Kidney Function 171
9.6 Homeostasis 172
PART III
Movement and Support in Humans 177
CHAPTER 10
Skeletal System 177
10.1 Tissues of the Skeletal System 178
10.2 Bone Growth, Remodeling, and Repair 180
10.3 Bones of the Skeleton 185
10.4 Articulations 192
CHAPTER 11
Muscular System 197
11.1 Types and Functions of Muscles 198
11.2 Mechanism of Skeletal Muscle Fiber Contraction 202
11.3 Whole Muscle Contraction 206
11.4 Energy for Muscle Contraction 208
11.5 Muscular Disorders 210
11.6 Homeostasis 212
PART IV
Integration and Coordination in Humans 217
CHAPTER 12
Nervous System 217
12.1 Nervous Tissue 218
12.2 The Central Nervous System 224
12.3 The Limbic System and Higher Mental Functions 230
12.4 The Peripheral Nervous System 232
12.5 Drug Abuse 237
CHAPTER 13
Senses 243
13.1 Sensory Receptors and Sensations 244
13.2 Proprioceptors and Cutaneous Receptors 246
13.3 Senses of Taste and Smell 248
13.4 Sense of Vision 250
13.5 Sense of Hearing 256
13.6 Sense of Equilibrium 261
CHAPTER 14
Endocrine System 265
14.1 Endocrine Glands 266
14.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 270
14.3 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands 273
14.4 Adrenal Glands 275
14.5 Pancreas 278
14.6 Other Endocrine Glands 280
14.7 Homeostasis 284
PART V
Reproduction in Humans 289
CHAPTER 15
Reproductive System 289
15.1 Male Reproductive System 290
15.2 Female Reproductive System 294
15.3 Female Hormone Levels 297
15.4 Control of Reproduction 301
CHAPTER 16
Development and Aging 309
16.1 Fertilization 310
16.2 Development Before Birth 311
16.3 Pregnancy and Birth 324
16.4 Development After Birth 326
PART VI
Human Genetics 333
CHAPTER 17
Cell Division and the Human Life Cycle 333
17.1 Cell Increase and Decrease 334
17.2 Mitosis 337
17.3 Meiosis 340
17.4 Comparison of Meiosis with Mitosis 344
17.5 The Human Life Cycle 346
CHAPTER 18
Patterns of Inheritance 351
18.1 Genotype and Phenotype 352
18.2 One- and Two-Trait Inheritance 353
18.3 Beyond Simple Inheritance Patterns 359
18.4 Sex-Linked Inheritance 362
CHAPTER 19
DNA Biology and Technology 367
19.1 DNA and RNA Structure and Function 368
19.2 Gene Expression 371
19.3 Genomics 378
19.4 DNA Technology 380
CHAPTER 20
Genetic Counseling 389
20.1 Counseling for Chromosomal Disorders 390
20.2 Counseling for Genetic Disorders: The Present 398
20.3 Counseling for Genetic Disorders: The Future 406
PART VII
Human Disease 413
CHAPTER 21
Defenses Against Disease 413
21.1 Organs, Tissues, and Cells of the Immune System 414
21.2 Nonspecific and Specific Defenses 417
21.3 Acquired Immunity 424
21.4 Immunity Side Effects 426
CHAPTER 22
Parasites and Pathogens 431
22.1 Microbes and You 432
22.2 Viruses as Infectious Agents 436
22.3 Bacteria as Infectious Agents 441
22.4 Other Infectious Agents 446
CHAPTER 23
Sexually Transmitted Diseases 453
23.1 Bacterial Infections 454
23.2 Viral Infections 457
23.3 Other Infections 459
23.4 AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) 460
CHAPTER 24
Cancer 471
24.1 Cancer Cells 472
24.2 Causes of Cancer 476
24.3 Diagnosis and Treatment 479
PART VIII
Human Evolution and Ecology 487
CHAPTER 25
Human Evolution 487
25.1 Origin of Life 488
25.2 Biological Evolution 489
25.3 Humans Are Primates 493
25.4 Evolution of Australopithecines 496
25.5 Evolution of Humans 497
CHAPTER 26
Global Ecology 505
26.1 The Scope of Ecology 506
26.2 Energy Flow 509
26.3 Global Biogeochemical Cycles 510
26.4 Global Ecosystems 514
CHAPTER 27
Human Population, Planetary Resources, and Conservation 521
27.1 Human Population Growth 522
27.2 Human Use of Resources and Pollution 524
27.3 Biodiversity 531
27.4 Working Toward a Sustainable Society