Principles of Environmental Engineering and Science Mackenzie L. Davis and Susan J. Masten

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xiii
About the Authors xiv About the Cover Artist xv

1. INTRODUCTION 1
1-1 What is Environmental Science? 2
1-2 What is Environmental Engineering? 3
1-3 Historical Perspective 3-9
1-4 How Environmental Engineers and Environmental Scientists work Together
1-5 Introduction to Principles of Environmental Engineering and Science 11
1-6 Environmental Systems Overview 12-19
1-7 Environmental Legislation and Regulation 19
1-8 Environmental Ethics 19-29

2. CHEMISTRY 31
2-1 Introduction 32
2-2 Basic Chemical Concepts 33-56
2-3 Organic Chemistry 61-63
2-4 Water Chemistry 64-69
2-5 Soil Chemistry 75-
2-6 Atmospheric Chemistry 76-86

3. BIOLOGY 89
3-1 Introduction 91
3-2 Chemical Composition of Life 91 96
3-3 The Cell 98-109
3-4 Energy and Metabolism 109- 110
3-5 Cellular Reproduction 112-114
3-6 Diversity of Living Things 115
3-7 Prokaryotes 116-117
3-8 Protists 120-125
3-9 Fungi 125-126
3-10 Viruses 127
3-11 Microbial Disease 128
3-12 Microbial Transformations 129-132

4. MATERIALS AND ENERGY BALANCES 133
4-1 Introduction 134
4-2 Unifying Theories 134
4-3 Material Balances 135-150
4-4 Energy Balances 158-177

5. ECOSYSTEMS 179
5-1 Introduction 181
5-2 Human Influences on Ecosystems 181
5-3 Energy and Mass Flow 182
5-4 Nutrient Cycles 189-194
5-5 Population Dynamics 195- 202
5-6 Lakes: An Example of Mass and Energy Cycling in an Ecosystem 205-212
5-7 Environmental Laws to Protect Ecosystems 214-219

6. RISK PERCEPTION, ASSESSMENT, AND MANAGEMENT 221
6-1 Introduction 222
6-2 Risk Perception 222
6-3 Risk Assessment 224-237
6-4 Risk Management 238-241

7. HYDROLOGY 243
7-1 Fundamentals of Hydrology 246
7-2 Measurement of Precipitation, Evaporation, Infiltration, and Stream Flow 254
7-3 Ground Water Hydrology 264-265
7-4 Ground Water Flow 269
7-5 Well Hydraulics 273
7-6 Surface Water and Ground Water as a water Supply 280
7-7 Depletion of Ground Water and Surface water 281-286

8. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, MINERAL AND SOIL RESOURCES 289
8-1 Introduction 290
8-2 Energy Resources 291-306
8-3 Mineral Resources 310-312
8-4 Soil Resources 315
8-5 Parameters of soil Sustainability 316-318
8-6 Soil Conservation 319

9. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT 331
9-1 Introduction 334
9-2 Water Pollutants and Their Sources 335-346
9-3 Water Quality Management in Rivers 346-373
9-4 water Quality Management in Lakes 374-378
9-5 Water Quality in Estuaries 385
9-6 Water Quality in Oceans 386
9-7 Ground Water Quality 389-399

10. WATER TREATMENT 403
10-1 Introduction 405-410
10-2 Rapid Mixing, Flocculation, and Coagulation 412-416
10-3 Softening 419-428
10-4 Sedimentation 430-433
10-5 Filtration 434
10-6 Disinfection 437-442
10-7 Other Treatment Processes for Drinking water 442-443
10-8 Water Plant Residuals management 444- 455

11. WASTE WATER TREATMENT 457
11-1 Introduction 459
11-2 Characteristic of Domestic wastewater 460-461
11-3 Wastewater Treatment Standards 463-464
11-4 On-Site Disposal Systems 465-471
11-5 Municipal Wastewater TreatmentSystems473
11-6 Unit Operations of Pretreatment 474-476
11-7 Primary Treatment 480
11-8 Unit Process of Secondary treatment 481-499
11-9 Disinfection 500
11-10 Advanced Wastewater Treatment 500-502
11-11 Land Treatment for Sustainability 503-505
11-12 Sludge Treatment 505-506
11-13 Sludge Disposals 515-521

12. AIR POLLUTION 523
12-1 Introduction 524
12-2 Fundamentals 525
12-3 Air Pollution Standards 526
12-4 Effects of Air pollutants 529-531
12-5 Origin and Fate of Air Pollutants 536-540
12-6 Micro and Macro Air Pollution 540-547
12-7 Air Pollution Meteorology 555- 559
12-8 Atmospheric Dispersion 561
12-9 Indoor Air Quality Model 568
12-10 Air Pollution Control of Stationary Sources 571-579
12-11 Air Pollution Control of Mobile Sources 576
12-12 Waste Minimization for Sustainability 582-586

13. SOLID WASTE ENGINEERING 589
13-1 Introduction 591
13-2 Characteristics of Solid Waste 593
13-3 Solid Waste management 596
13-4 Solid Waste Collection 596
13-5 waste as Resource 597
13-6 Solid Waste Reduction 604-609
13-7 Disposal by Sanitary Landfill 609-624

14. HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT 627
14-1 Introduction 628
14-2 EPA’s Hazardous Waste Designation System 630
14-3 RCRA and HSWA 631-637
14-4 Cercla and Sara 638-640
14-5 Hazardous Waste Management 641-644
14.6 Treatment Technologies 645-662
14.7 Land Disposal 662
14.8 Groundwater Contamination and Remediation 667-682

15. NOISE POLLUTION 685
15-1 Introduction 686
15-2 Effects of Noise on People 695-705
15-3 Rating Systems 706 708
15-4 Community Noise Sources and Criteria 708-712
15-5 Transmission of Sound Outdoors 712-715
15-6 Traffic Noise Prediction 716
15-7 Noise Control 717-727

16. LONIZING RADIATION 729
16-1 Fundamentals 730-740
16-2 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation 742-747
16-3 Radiation Standards 748
16-4 Radiation Exposure 750
16-5 Radiation Protection 753
16-6 Radioactive Waste 758-767

Appendix A: Properties of Air, Water, and Selected Chemicals 769
Credits 775
Index 777