Water chemistry / Mark M. Benjamin.

Contents
1. Basics of Aquatic Chemistry
Introduction / The Structure of Water Molecules and Interactions among Them / The Behavior of Solutes in Water; Dissolution of Salts / Common Approaches for Expressing Concentrations in Environmental Chemistry

2. Chemical Reactivity, Reactions, and Equilibrium
Overview / Characterizing Chemical Reactivity / Predicting Activity Coefficients from Knowledge of the Solution Composition / The Activity as an Intensive Property; The Activity of Solids Dispersed in Water / Models of Chemical Equilibrium / Effect of Temperature on the Equilibrium Constant / Combining Chemical Reactions / Summary

3. Reaction Kinetics and the Kinetics-Based Interpretation of Equilibrium
A Molecular-Level Picture of an Elementary Reaction and the Factors that Affect Its Rate / Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate Constants / The Kinetics of Some Important Categories of Environmental Chemical Reactions / Kinetics of Elementary Chemical Reactions / Reaction Reversibility and the Definition of the Equilibrium Constant / Effect of Temperature on the Equilibrium Constant / Combining Chemical Reactions: Kinetics and Equilibrium Constants of Nonelementary Reactions / Experimental Evaluation of Reaction Kinetics / Rate-Limiting Steps and Some Classical, Model Reaction Pathways / Heterogeneous (Phase-Transfer) Reactions / Summary

4. Potentials, Energy, and Forces: Interpreting Changes in Physical/Chemical Systems
Introduction / Potential Energy, Potentials, and Forces / Overview of Potential and Potential Energy in Chemical Systems / Entropy and Gibbs Energy / The Chemical Potential and Its Use to Predict Chemical Change / Other Molar Thermodynamic Quantities / Quantifying Gi, Hi, and Si / The Dependence of Gi on System Composition, Temperature, and Pressure / Comparison of Gi of Different Species / The Dependence of Gi on Pressure and Temperature / Comparing the Magnitude of Factors That Affect Gi / Chemical Potential as the Driving Force for Chemical Reactions / Summary

5. Acids and Bases, Part 1: Acid/Base Speciation and Exact Solutions to Acid/Base Problems
Introduction / The Dissociation of Water; Kw / The Structure of Acids and Bases / Strong and Weak Acids, Ka, and Conjugate Acid/Base Pairs / A Brief Diversion: The Structure of Some Important Organic Acids and Bases / Combining Acidity Reactions and the Definition of Basicity / Acid/Base Speciaation as a Function of pH; Diagrams of Log C versus pH / Log C-pH Diagrams for Monoprotic Acids / Effects of Nonideal Solute Behavior on log C-pH Diagrams / Log C-pH Diagrams for Multiprotic Acids / Determining Species and Relevant Equations for Solving Equilibrium Problems / Numerical Approaches for Solving Acid/Base Problems / The pH of Solutions Containing Only Water and Strong Acids or Bases / The pH of Ideal Solutions Containing Weak Acids and Bases / A Simple Spreadsheet Analysis for Determining Acid/Base Speciation / The pH and Speciation of Systems Containing Multiprotic Weak Acids and Bases / Acid/Base Equilibria in Nonideal Solutions / Summary

6. Acids and Bases, Part 2: Use of log C-pH Diagrams and the TOTH Equation
Graphical Solutions for Sets of Simultaneous Equations / Using log C–pH Diagrams to Solve Weak Acid/Base Problems / The Mass Balance on H (the TOTH Equation and Proton Condition) / Defining the Composition of the System: Components, Species, and the System Tableau / Expressing Input and Equilibrium Concentrations in Terms of Components; Component Mass Balances / Identifying Dominant Species / Comparison of Approaches for Solving Acid/Base Problems / Summary / Appendix 6A: Arithmetic Operations and log-log Diagrams

7. Software for Solving Chemical Equilibrium Problems
Introduction / The Computer Algorithm for Solving a Simple Acid/Base Problem / Systems in Which the Equilibrium Activities of One or More Species Are Known / Using Chemical Equilibrium Software to Develop log C-pH Diagrams / Modifying the Component and Species Databases in Visual Minteq / Summary

8. Titrations and Buffers
Introduction / Reactions Occurring during a Titration: Qualitative Considerations / Quantitative Interpretation of Titration Data / Using Visual Minteq to Simulate Titrations / Titrations with Weak Acids or Bases / The Effect of the Acidity of Water on Titration Curves / Titration of Solutions Containing Unknown Acids and Bases / Titration Equivalence Points / Alkalinity and Acidity / Acid/Base Titrations of Natural Organic Matter / Buffers / Summary / Appendix 8A: Determining Alkalinity Factors and Inserting Them into the Visual Minteq Database / Appendix 8B: Derivation of the Buffer Intensity of Multiprotic Acids

9. Gas/Liquid Equilibrium
Introduction / Basic Concepts and Terminology for Gas/Liquid Equilibrium / Effect of Gas/Liquid Equilibration on Gas-Phase Composition / Factors Affecting Volatility and Henry's Constant / Henry's Law and Aqueous-Phase Speciation / The pH of Solutions in Equilibrium with Acidic or Basic Gases / Gas-Liquid Equilibrium in Visual Minteq / Buffering in Solutions Equilibrated with Weak Acid and Weak Base Gases / CO2 Dissolution, Alkalinity, and Acidity / Summary / Appendix 9A: The Liquid-Phase Activity Coefficient in Henry's Law Using the Raoult's Law Standard State Convention

10. Chemistry of Metals in Aqueous Systems 1: Solution-Phase Reactions
Introduction / Metal Oxidation States / Formation and Structure of Metal Complexes / Complexes with Hydroxide Ions / log C-pH Diagrams for Dissolved Metals / Complexes with Ligands Other than Water and Hydroxide / Mixed Ligand Complexes and Chelating Agents / Metal Speciation in Systems Containing Complexing Ligands / Metal Ion Buffers / Predominance Area Diagrams / Summary

11. Chemistry of Metals in Aqueous Systems 2: Precipitation and Dissolution Reactions
Introduction / Formation of Solids Containing Metal Ions / The Chemical Activity of Pure Solids / The Solubility Product / Precipitation of Solids Other than Hydroxides / Formation of Nonhydroxo Complexes in Systems with Solids / Adding New Solids to the Visual Minteq Database / Determining whether a Solid Will Precipitate under Given Conditions / The Gibbs Phase Rule / Predominance Area Diagrams Considering Possible Precipitation of Solids / Summary

12. Redox Chemistry
Introduction / Determining Oxidation Numbers / Balancing Redox Reactions / Redox Half-Reactions / The Activity of Free Electrons; Equilibrium Constants for Redox Half-Reactions / Definition of eo and peo / Computing pe from Species Activities: The Nernst Equation / Combining Redox Reactions / Redox Speciation and log C-pe Diagrams / Summary of Some Key Similarities between Acid/Base and Redox Systems / Redox Reactions Involving Exchange of Both Electrons and Protons / Computing Equilibrium Speciation in Redox Systems / Modeling Redox Reactions with Visual Minteq / Oxidation and Reduction of Water / Energy Changes Accompanying Redox Reactions / Redox Titrations and the Geochemical Redox Sequence / pe-pH Predominance Area Diagrams / Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry / Summary

13. Adsorption Reactions
Introduction / Two Views of the Interface and Adsorption Equilibrium / Quantitative Representations of Adsorption Equilibrium: The Adsorption Isotherm / Modeling Adsorption with Visual Minteq / Adsorption of Ions in the Presence of a Surface Electrical Potential / Modeling Surface-Adsorbate Electrical Interactions in Visual Minteq / Surface Precipitation / Summary

Includes index : p. 877 -905