Keys for writers : a brief handbook / Ann Raimes.

Contents
I. The Writing Process
1. Getting Started and Finding a Focus
1a Reading, thinking, writing
1b Purpose and audience
1c Explorations
1d Topic and focus
1e Thesis or claim
1f Outlines
1g Writer's block
1h Collaborative writing
1i Six tips for writing drafts

2. Developing Paragraphs and Essays
2a Paragraph basics
2b Unified paragraphs
2c Developing ideas
2d Transitions and links for coherence
2e Introductions and conclusions

3. Revising, Editing, and Formatting
3a Strategies for revising and managing drafts
3b Giving and getting feedback
3c Title
3d Editing, proofreading, and using computer tools
3e Sample student revision
3f Formatting a college essay

4. Writing an Argument
4a Features of a good argument
4b Choice of topic
4c Thinking critically
4d The claim (thesis)
4e Reasons and evidence
4f Audience: Appeals and common ground
4g Opposing views
4h Toulmin's four questions
4i Deductive and inductive reasoning
4j Flaws in logic
4k Structures for an argument essay
4l Visual arguments
4m Sample argument essay

5. Writing in All Your Courses
5a Essay exams and short-answer tests
5b Writing about literature
5c Writing about community service
5d Lab reports
5e Writing in the disciplines

II. Doing Research/ Evaluating Sources
6. Beginning a Research Project
6a Guide to writing a research paper
6b Schedule
6c Research question
6d Primary and secondary sources
6e A working thesis
6f Purpose statement, proposal, and outline

7. Finding Sources
7a Basic reference works
7b Indexes and databases
7c Online searching: keywords and search engines
7d Print sources: books and periodical articles
7e Online sources
7f A student's search
7g Sources in 27 subject areas

8. Evaluating Sources
8a Reading critically
8b Recognizing a scholarly article
8c Evaluating works originating in print
8d Evaluating Internet sources

9. Avoiding Plagiarism
9a What is plagiarism?
9b How to avoid even the suspicion of plagiarism
9c Keeping track of sources
9d Setting up a working bibliography
9e Annotating and taking notes
9f Summarizing and paraphrasing
9g What to cite
9h Indicating the boundaries of a citation


10. Writing the Research Paper
10a Guidelines for writing drafts
10b Getting mileage out of your sources
10b Putting yourself in your paper and synthesizing
10c Driving the organization with ideas, not sources
10d Introducing and integrating source material
10e Quoting
10f Researching across the curriculum
III. MLA Documentation

11. Citing Sources, MLA Style
11a Two basic MLA features
11b FAQs about MLA in-text citations
11c Sample author/page citations
11d Explanatory footnotes and endnotes
12. MLA List of Works Cited
12a List format and organization
12b Guidelines for listing entries
12c Print books and parts of books
12d Print articles in periodicals
12e Internet and other electronic sources
12f Miscellaneous sources

13. Sample Documented Paper, MLA Style

IV. Documentation: APA, CBE/CSE, Chicago, and CGOS Styles
14. Citing Sources, APA Style
14a Two basic APA features
14b Author/year in-text citations
14c Notes, tables, and figures

15. APA List of References
15a List format and organization
15b Guidelines for listing authors
15c Print books and parts of books
15d Print articles in periodicals
15e Internet and other electronic sources
15f Miscellaneous sources

16. Sample Documented Paper, APA Style
17. CBE/CSE Style of Documentation
17a Two basic CBE/CSE features
17b In-text citations
17c Guidelines for listing CBE/CSE references
17d Examples of entries in list

18. Chicago Manual of Style: Endnotes, Footnotes, and Bibliography
18a Two basic features
18b In-text citations, notes, and bibliography
18c Guidelines for notes
18d Print books and parts of books
18e Print articles in periodicals
18f Internet and electronic sources
18g Miscellaneous sources
18h Chicago bibliography guidelines and sample
19. CGOS Style for Online Sources
19a Two basic features: CGOS humanities style
19b Sample entries: humanities style
19c Two basic features: CGOS scientific style
19d Sample entries: scientific style

V. Document Design/ Online and Workplace
20. Design Tools, Design Features
20a Basic design functions in Word
20b Typefaces
20c Color
20d Headings
20e Lists
20f Columns

21. Visuals
21a Tables
21b Graphs and charts
21c Illustrations, clip art, Web downloads, and copyright issues

22. Online Communication
22a E-mail style and mechanics
22b E-mail discussion lists, bulletin boards, and discussion boards
22c Newsgroups, blogs, and synchronous communication

23. Web Site Design
23a Planning and organizing a Web site
23b Tips for Web site design
23c Useful resources
23d Sample student Web site


24. Academic Writing Online
24a Hypertext
24b HTML
24c Guidelines for posting academic writing online

25. Flyers, Brochures, and Newsletters
25a Design principles for flyers, brochures, newsletters
25b Sample community brochure

26. Resumes and Letters of Application
26a How to write a resume
26b Sample print or Web page resume
26c An electronic resume
26d Sample electronic resume
26e Cover letter and sample

27. Business Letters and Memos
27a Features of a business letter
27b Sample business letter
27c Technical requirements of a business letter
27d Basic features of a memo
27e Sample memo

28. Oral and Multimedia Presentations
28a Preparing an oral presentation
28b Speaking from notes or manuscript
28c Practicing and presenting
28d Using presentation aids and multimedia
28e Using PowerPoint
28f A student's PowerPoint slides VI. Style The Five C's of Style

29. The First C: Cut
29a Repetition and wordiness
29b Formulaic phrases
29c References to your intentions
29d Redundancy

30. The Second C: Check for Action
30a Who's doing what?
30b Sentences beginning with there or it
30c Unnecessary passive voice
31. The Third C: Connect
31a Consistent subjects and topic chains
31b Old/new information and emphasis
31c Options: coordination, subordination, and transitions
31d Beginning a sentence with and or but
31e Paragraph connections

32. The Fourth Cut: Commit
32a Personal presence
32b Appropriate and consistent tone
32c Confident stance

33. The Fifth C: Choose Your Words
33a Word choice checklist
33b Dictionary and thesaurus
33c Exact words and connotations
33d Language of speech, region, and workplace
33e Figurative language
33f Avoiding biased and exclusionary language
33g Avoiding cliches and pretentious language Style in Action


34. Sentence Variety
34a Sentence length
34b Statements, questions, commands, and exclamations
34c Types of sentences
34d Inverted word order
34e Sentence beginnings

35. Revising for Style: A Student's Drafts
36. Style Tips VII. Common Sentence Problems
37. Troublespots and Terms
37a Students' frequently asked questions
37b Teachers' top ten sentence problems
37c Standard English
37d Terms for the parts of a sentence

38. Sentence Fragments
38a Phrases
38b Dependent clauses
38c Missing verb
38d Missing subject
38e Intentional use

39. Run-ons and Comma Splices
39a Identifying
39b Correcting
39c Transitions

40. Sentence Snarls
40a Fuzzy syntax
40b Misplaced modifiers: only, even, phrases, split infinitives
40c Dangling modifiers
40d Shifts: statements/commands, indirect/direct quotation, point of view
40e Subject/predicate mismatch
40f Definitions and reasons
40g Adverb clause as subject
40h Omitted words and apostrophes
40i Restated subjects
40j Faulty parallelism
41. Verbs
41a Verb forms
41b Verbs commonly confused
41c Auxiliaries
41d Tenses
41e Present tenses
41f Past tenses
41g -ed endings: Past tense and past participle
41h Tense shifts
41i Indirect quotations
41j Conditional sentences, wishes, requests, demands, and recommendations

42. Passive Voice
42a When to use
42b How to form
42c No emphasis on who performs action
42d As connector
42e Overuse

43. Subject-Verb Agreement
43a Basic principles
43b Intervening words
43c Linking verb, subject, and complement
43d Subject after verb
43e Tricky subjects with singular verbs
43f Collective nouns
43g Compound subjects with and, or, nor
43h Indefinite pronouns and quantity words
43i Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives
43j Possessive pronouns
43k Clauses beginning with what

44. Pronouns
44a Personal pronouns (I or me, he or him?)
44b Possessive forms (my or mine, her or hers?)
44c Clear reference
44d Agreement with antecedent
44e Gender bias
44f Consistent point of view
44g Use of you
44h Intensive and reflexive pronouns
44i Who/whom, whoever/whomever
45. Adjectives and Adverbs
45a Forms
45b When to use
45c Adjectives after linking verbs
45d Compound adjectives
45e Position of adverbs
45f Double negatives
45g Comparative and superlative forms
45h Faulty or incomplete comparisons

46. Relative Clauses and Relative Pronouns
46a Relative pronouns
46b Agreement of verb
46c Agreement after one of and the only one of
46d Restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses
46e Clauses with quantity words
46f Clauses with prepositions
46g That as relative pronoun
46h Position of relative clause
46i Unnecessary pronoun
46j Where and when

VIII. Punctuation, Mechanics, and Spelling
47. Commas
47a Comma: Yes and no
47b Before coordinating conjunction and between independent clauses
47c After introductory phrase or clause
47d With extra (nonrestrictive) elements
47e With transitional expressions and insertions
47f With items in a series
47g With coordinate evaluative adjectives
47h With direct quotations
47i When not to use
47j Special uses

48. Apostrophes
48a Apostrophe: Yes and no
48b Use of -'s to signal possession
48c With plural nouns
48d With contractions
48e In plurals
48f It's versus its

49. Quotation Marks
49a Guidelines
49b Punctuation introducing and ending a quotation
49c Dialogue
49d Quotation within a quotation
49e With titles, definitions, and translations
49f When not to use


50. Semicolons and Colons
50a Semicolon: Yes and no
50b Colon: Yes and no
51. Other Punctuation Marks
51a Periods
51b Question marks, exclamation points
51c Dashes
51d Parentheses
51e Brackets
51f Slashes
51g Ellipsis dots

52. Italics and Underlining
52a Titles of long, whole works
52b Transportation
52c Letters, numerals, and words as words
52d Words in other languages
52e When not to use (for emphasis)
53. Capitalization
53a I and first word of sentence
53b Proper nouns and proper adjectives
53b Titles before names
53c Major words in titles
53d After a colon or at the beginning of a quotation

54. Abbreviations
54a Titles with people's names
54b Certain types of familiar names
54c Terms used with numbers
54d Common Latin terms
54e When not to abbreviate
54f Plurals of abbreviations

55. Numbers
55a Conventions
55b Beginning a sentence
55c When to use numerals
55d Plurals of numerals

56. Hyphenation
56a With prefixes
56b In compound words
56d In spelled-out numbers
56e At end of a line

57. Online Guidelines
57a Punctuation in URLs
57b Underlining and italics online
57c Capital letters online
57d Hyphens online
57e Asterisks and abbreviations online

58. Spelling
58a Plurals of nouns
58b Doubling consonants
58c Spelling with -y or -i
58d Internal ie or ei
58e Adding a suffix
58f Accents, umlauts, tildes, and cedillas IX. For Multilingual/ ESL Writers

59. Culture, Language, and Writing
59a English and Englishes
59b ESL--difference, not deficit
59c Learning from errors
59d Language guide to transfer errors
59e False Friends (confusing cognates)

60. Nouns and Articles
60a Categories of nouns
60b Uncountable nouns
60c Basic rules for articles
60d The for a specific reference
60e Which article? Four basic questions
60f Proper nouns and articles

61. Verbs and Verbals
61a The be auxiliary
61b Modal auxiliary verbs
61c Verbs followed by an infinitive
61d Verbs followed by -ing
61e Verbs followed by an infinitive or -ing
61f -ing and -ed forms as adjectives

62. Word Order and Sentence Structure
62a Inclusion of a subject
62b Order of elements
62c Direct and indirect objects
62d Direct and indirect quotations and questions
62e Dependent clauses (although and because)
62f Unnecessary pronouns
62g Order of adjectives

63. Prepositions in Idiomatic Expressions
63a Expressions with three common prepositions
63b Adjective + preposition
63c Verb + preposition
63d Phrasal verbs
63e Preposition + -ing
63f Get used to, used to

64. Frequently Asked ESL Editing Questions
64a No and not
64b Too and very
64c Few and a few
64d Most, most of, and the most
64e Easy, hard, and difficult
64f It and there
64g His and her X.