The personality puzzle / David C. Funder.

1 The Study of the Person
The Goal of Personality Psychology
Mission: Impossible
Competitors or Complements?
Distinct Approaches versus the One Big Theory
On Advantages as Disadvantages, and Vice Versa
The Plan of This Book
Pigeonholing versus Appreciation of Individual
Differences
Summary

PART I RESEARCH METHODS

2 Clues to Personality: The Basic Sources of Data
Data Are Clues
Four Kinds of Clues
Ask the Person Directly: S Data
Ask Somebody Who Knows: I Data
Life Outcomes: L Data
Watch What the Person Does: B Data
Mixed Types
Conclusion
Summary

3 Personality Psychology as Science:
Research Methods
Psychology's Emphasis on Method
Scientific Education and Technical Training
Quality of Data
Reliability
Validity
Generalizability



Research Design
Case Method
An Experimental and a Correlational Study
Comparing the Experimental and
Correlational Methods Representative Design
Effect Sizes
Problems with Significance Testing
Correlations
Ethics 81
The Uses of Psychological Research
Truthfulness
Deception
Summary
Suggested Readings: Research Methods

PART : HOW PEOPLE DIFFER:
THE TRAIT APPROACH

4 Personality Traits and Behavior
The Measurement of Individual Differences
People Are Inconsistent
The Person-Situation Debate
Predictability Situationism
Are Person Perceptions Erroneous?
Conclusion
Persons and Situations Individual Differences
Summary

5 Personality Assessment I: Personality Testing and
Its Consequences
The Nature of Personality Assessment
The Business of Testing
Personality Tests
S-Data versus B-Data Personality Tests
Projective Tests Objective Tests
Methods of Objective Test Construction




Purposes of Personality Testing
Summary

6 Personality Assessment II: Personality Judgment
in Daily Life
Consequences of Everyday Judgments of Personality
Everybody Who Knows You
Self-Judgments
The Accuracy of Personality Judgment
Criteria for Accuracy
Moderators of Accuracy
The Realistic Accuracy Model
Self-Knowledge
Conclusion
Summary

7 Using Personality Traits to Understand Behavior
The Many-Trait Approach
The California Q-Set Delay of Gratification
Other Behaviors
The Single-Trait Approach
Authoritarianism Conscientiousness
Self-Monitoring
The Essential-Trait Approach
Reducing the Many to a Few
The Big Five
Typological Approaches to Personality
Where Do Traits Come From? The Question
of Development
Conclusion
Summary
Suggested Readings: The Trait Approach

PART TTI THE MIND AND THE BODY: BIOLOGICAL
APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY

8 The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality
The Brain and Personality




Research Methods for Studying the Brain
The Ascending Reticular Activating
System (ARAS)
The Amygdala
The Frontal Lobes and Neocortex
The Lessons of Psychosurgery
Biochemistry and Personality
The Chemistry of the Mind
Neurotransmitters
Hormones
Biology, Cause, and Effect
Summary

9 The Inheritance of Personality: Behavioral
Genetics and Evolutionary Theory
Behavioral Genetics
Controversy
Calculating Heritabilities
What Heritabilities Tell You
Does the Family Matter?
Nature versus Nurture
How Genes Affect Personality
Gene-Environment Interactions
The Future of Behavioral Genetics
Evolutionary Theory
Sex Differences in Mating Behavior
Individual Differences
Objections and Responses
The Contribution of Evolutionary Theory
Will Biology Replace Psychology?
Putting It All Together: Sexual Orientation
Conclusion
Summary
Suggested Readings: Biological Approaches

PART IV THE HIDDEN WORLD OF THE MIND:
THE PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH

10 Basics of Psychoanalysis
Key Ideas of Psychoanalysis




Psychic Determinism
Internal Structure
Psychic Conflict (and Compromise)
Mental Energy
Controversy
Freud Himself
Psychoanalysis, Life, and Death
Psychological Development: "Follow the Money"
Oral Stage Anal Stage
Phallic Stage Genital Stage
Moving through Stages
Thinking and Consciousness
Psychoanalytic Therapy
Summary

11 The Workings of the Unconscious Mind:
Defenses and Slips
Anxiety
Anxiety from Psychic Conflict
Realistic Anxiety
Defense Mechanisms
Denial
Repression
Reaction Formation
Projection
Rationalization
Intellectualization
Displacement
Sublimation
The Expression of Impulse through Parapraxes
and Humor
Parapraxes
Humor
Psychoanalytic Theory: A Critique
Lack of Parsimony Case Study Method




Poor Definitions
Untestability
Sexism
Why Study Freud?
Summary

12 Psychoanalysis after Freud: The Neo-Freudians,
Object Relations, and Empirical Evidence
Interpreting Freud
Latter-Day Issues and Theorists
Inferiority and Compensation: Adler
The Collective Unconscious, Persona, and
Personality: Jung
Feminine Psychology and Basic Anxiety: Homey
Psychosocial Development: Erikson
Object Relations Theory: Klein and Winnicott
Where Have All the Neo-Freudian
Theorists Gone?
Modern Psychoanalytic Research
Testing Psychoanalytic Hypotheses
Attachment and Romantic Love
Psychoanalysis in Perspective
Summary
Suggested Readings: Psychoanalysis

PART V EXPERIENCE AND AWARENESS: HUMANISTIC
AND CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY

13 Experience, Existence, and the Meaning of Life:
Humanistic Psychology
Phenomenology: Awareness Is Everything
The Chemistry of Experience
Existentialism
Three Parts of Experience "Thrown-ness" and Angst
Bad Faith
Authentic Existence
Optimistic Humanism: Rogers and Maslow
Self-Actualization: Rogers
The Hierarchy of Needs: Maslow




The Fully Functioning Person
Psychotherapy
Personal Constructs: Kelly
Construals and Reality
Flow: Csikszentmihalyi
Hardiness: Maddi
Positive Psychology
Conclusion
The Mystery of Experience
Understanding Others
Summary


14 Cultural Variation in Experience, Behavior,
and Personality
Culture and Psychology
Cross-Cultural Universals versus Specificity
What Is Culture?
The Importance of Cross-Cultural Differences
Possible Limits on Generalizability
Cross-Cultural Conflict
Varieties of Human Experience
Cultural Comparison
Deconstructionism
The Semiotic Subject
On Categorization
Characteristics of Cultures
Complexity
Tightness
Collectivism and Individualism
Cultural Assessment and Personality Assessment
Personality Traits
Thinking The Self
Values
The Question of Origin
The Deconstructionist Dodge
The Ecological Approach



Issues and Challenges of Cross-Cultural Research
Ethnocentrism
Outgroup Homogeneity Bias
Cultures and Values
Subcultures and Multiculturalism
Challenges for the Future
The Universal Human Condition
Summary 435
Suggested Readings: Experience and Awareness

PART VI THE PERSON AND THE SITUATION:
LEARNING AND COGNITIVE APPROACHES
TO PERSONALITY
15 How the World Creates Who You Are:
Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory
Behaviorism
Philosophical Roots of Behaviorism
Three Kinds of Learning
Habituation
Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Punishment
Social Learning Theory
Dollard and Miller's Social Learning Theory
Rotter's Social Learning Theory
Bandura's Social Learning Theory
Contributions and Limitations of the Learning
Approaches
Summary
16 The Cognitive System and the Personality System
Roots of the Cognitive Approach
Two Views of the Cognitive System
The Serial System
The Sensory-Perceptual Buffer Short-Term Memory Working Memory From Short-Term Memory to Long-Term Memory




Long-Term Memory
Limitations of the Serial Model
The Parallel System
The Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS)
Interactions among Systems Cognitive Person Variables
If and Then
Conclusion
Summary

17 Cognitive Processes and Personality
Perceptual Processes
Priming and Chronic Accessibility
Rejection Sensitivity
Aggression
Self Processes
Assessing the Self Schema
Conscious and Nonconscious Self-Consciousness
Self-Efficacy and Self-Discrepancy
Self-Change
How Many Selves?
Motivational and Strategic Processes
Goals
Strategies
Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory (CEST)
The Cognitive Approach and Its Intersections
Summary
Suggested Readings: The Person and the Situation: Learning and Cognitive Approaches to Personality

18 Conclusion: Looking Back and Looking Ahead
The Different Approaches
Which One Is Right?
The Order of Approaches
No Single Approach Accounts for Everything
Choosing a Basic Approach
Maintaining an Awareness of Alternative
Approaches




The Future of Personality Psychology
Trait Approach
Biological Approach
Psychoanalysis
Humanistic Psychology
Cross-Cultural Psychology
The Cognitive Approach and the OBT
What Have We Learned?
Cross-Situational Consistency and Aggregation
The Biological Roots of Personality
The Unconscious Mind
Free Will and Responsibility
Behavior Change
Construals
The Quest for Understanding Summary

Includes bibliographical references and indexes.