General chemistry with an organic supplements -Vol. B / Ralph H. Petrucci.

Contents;

General Chemistry
Source General Chemistry : Principles and Mordern Application, Ninth edition by Ralph H. Petrucci . . . [et al]
17 Additional Aspects of Acid–Base Equilibria
17-1 The Common-Ion Effect in Acid–Base Equilibria
17-2 Buffer Solutions
17-3 Acid–Base Indicators
17-4 Neutralization Reactions and Titration Curves
17-5 Solutions of Salts of Polyprotic Acids
17-6 Acid–Base Equilibrium Calculations: A Summary


18 Solubility and Complex-Ion Equilibria
18-1 Solubility Product Constant,
18-2 Relationship Between Solubility and
18-3 Common-Ion Effect in Solubility Equilibria
18-4 Limitations of the Concept
18-5 Criteria for Precipitation and Its Completeness
18-6 Fractional Precipitation
18-7 Solubility and pH
18-8 Equilibria Involving Complex Ions
18-9 Qualitative Cation Analysis


19 Spontaneous Change: Entropy and Free Energy
19-1 Spontaneity: The Meaning of Spontaneous Change
19-2 The Concept of Entropy
19-3 Evaluating Entropy and Entropy Changes
19-4 Criteria for Spontaneous Change: The Second Law of Thermodynamics
19-5 Standard Free Energy Change, DG°
19-6 Free Energy Change and Equilibrium
19-7 DG° and as Functions of Temperature
19-8 Coupled Reactions


20 Electrochemistry
20-1 Electrode Potentials and Their Measurement
20-2 Standard Electrode Potentials
20-3 DG, and
20-4 as a Function of Concentrations
20-5 Batteries: Producing Electricity Through Chemical Reactions
20-6 Corrosion: Unwanted Voltaic Cells
20-7 Electrolysis: Causing Nonspontaneous Reactions to Occur
20-8 Industrial Electrolysis Processes


21 Chemistry of the Main-Group Elements I: Groups 1, 2, 13, and 14
21-1 Group 1: The Alkali Metals
21-2 Group 2: The Alkaline Earth Metals
21-3 Ions in Natural Waters: Hard Water
21-4 Group 13 Metals: The Boron Family
21-5 Group 14 Metals: The Carbon Family


22 Main-Group Elements II: Groups 18, 17, 16, 15, and Hydrogen
22-1 Group 18: The Noble Gases
22-2 Group 17: The Halogens
22-3 Group 16: The Oxygen Family
22-4 Group 15: The Nitrogen Family
22-5 Hydrogen: A Unique Element


23 The Transition Elements
23-1 General Properties
23-2 Principles of Extractive Metallurgy
23-3 Metallurgy of Iron and Steel
23-4 First-Row Transition Metal Elements: Scandium to Manganese
23-5 The Iron Triad: Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel
23-6 Group 11: Copper, Silver, and Gold
23-7 Group 12: Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury
23-8 Lanthanides

24 Complex Ions and Coordination Compounds
24-1 Werner’s Theory of Coordination Compounds: An Overview
24-2 Ligands
24-3 Nomenclature
24-4 Isomerism
24-5 Bonding in Complex Ions: Crystal Field Theory
24-6 Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds and Crystal Field Theory
24-7 Color and the Colors of Complexes
24-8 Aspects of Complex-Ion Equilibria
24-9 Acid–Base Reactions of Complex Ions
24-10 Some Kinetic Considerations 1
24-11 Applications of Coordination Chemistry


25 Nuclear Chemistry
25-1 Radioactivity
25-2 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Isotopes
25-3 Nuclear Reactions and Artificially Induced Radioactivity
25-4 Transuranium Elements
25-5 Rate of Radioactive Decay
25-6 Energetics of Nuclear Reactions
25-7 Nuclear Stability
25-8 Nuclear Fission
25-9 Nuclear Fusion
25-10 Effect of Radiation on Matter
25-11 Applications of Radioisotopes


26 Organic Chemistry
26-1 Organic Compounds and Structures: An Overview
26-2 Alkanes
26-3 Alkenes and Alkynes
26-4 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
26-5 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
26-6 Aldehydes and Ketones
26-7 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
26-8 Amines
26-9 Heterocyclic Compounds
26-10 Nomenclature of Stereoisomers in Organic Compounds
26-11 An Introduction to Substitution Reactions at Hybridized Carbon Atoms
26-12 Synthesis of Organic Compounds
26-13 Polymerization Reactions


27 Chemistry of the Living State
27-1 Chemical Structure of Living Matter: An Overview
27-2 Lipids
27-3 Carbohydrates
27-4 Proteins
27-5 Aspects of Metabolism
27-6 Nucleic Acids


Organic Supplements
Source of Content: Organic Chemistry, fifth edition by Paula Yurnkanis Bruice

1: Electronic Structure and Bonding (Acids and Bases)
1.1: The Structure of an Atom
1.2: How Electrons in an Atom are Distributed
1.3: Ionic and Covalent Bonds
1.4: How the Structure of a Compound is Represented
1.5: Atomic Orbitals
1.6: An Introduction to Molecular Orbital Theory
1.7: How Single Bonds Are Formed in Organic Compounds
1.8: How a Double Bond is Formed- The Bonds in Ethene
1.9: How a Triple Bond is Formed- The Bonds in Ethyne
1.10: Bonding in the Methyl Cation, the Methyl Radical, and the Methyl Anion
1.11: The Bonds in Water
1.12: The Bonds in Ammonia and in the Ammonium Ion
1.13: The Bond in a Hydrogen Halide
1.14: Summary- Hybridization, Bond Lengths, Bond Strengths, and Bond Angles
1.15: The Dipole Moments of Molecules
1.16: An Introduction to Acids and Bases
1.17: pka and pH
1.18: Organic Acids and Bases
1.19: How to Predict the Outcome of an Acid-Base Reaction
1.20: How to Determine the Position of Equilibrium
1.21: How the Structure of an Acid Affects its pka Value
1.22: How Substituents Affect the Strength of an Acid
1.23: An Introduction to Delocalized Electrons
1.24: A Summary of the Factors that Determine Acid Strength
1.25: How pH Affects the Structure of an Organic Compound
1.26: Buffer Solutions
1.27: Lewis Acids and Bases



2: An Introduction to Organic Compounds- Nomenclature, Physical Properties, and Representation of Structure
2.1: How Alkyl Substituents Are Named
2.2: The Nomenclature of Alkanes
2.3: The Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes • Skeletal Structures
2.4: The Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides
2.5: The Nomenclature of Ethers
2.6: The Nomenclature of Alcohols
2.7: The Nomenclature of Amines
2.8: The Structures of Alkyl Halides, Alcohols, Ethers, and Amines
2.9: The Physical Properties of Alkanes, Alkyl Halides, Alcohols, Ethers, and Amines
2.10: Rotation Occurs About Carbon-Carbon Single Bonds
2.11: Some Cycloalkanes Have Angle Strain
2.12: Conformers of Cyclohexane
2.13: Conformers of Monosubstituted Cyclohexanes
2.14: Conformers of Disubstituted Cyclohexanes
2.15: Fused Cyclohexane Rings

3: Alkenes- Structure, Nomenclature, and an Introduction to Reactivity • Thermodynamics and Kinetics
3.1: Molecular Formulas and the Degree of Unsaturation
3.2: The Nomenclature of Alkenes
3.3: The Structures of Alkenes
3.4: Alkenes Can Have Cis and Trans Isomers
3.5: Naming Alkenes Using the E,Z System
3.6: How Alkenes React (Curved Arrows Show the Flow of Electrons)
3.7: Thermodynamics and Kinetics
3.8: The Rate of a Reaction and the Rate Constant for a Reaction
3.9: A Reaction Coordinate Diagram Describes the Energy Changes That Take Place During a Reaction



4: The Reactions of Alkenes
4.1: The Addition of a Hydrogen Halide to an Alkene
4.2: Carbocation Stability Depends on the Number of Alkyl Groups Attached to the Positively Charged Carbon
4.3: What Does the Structure of the Transition State Look Like?
4.4: Electrophilic Addition Reactions Are Regioselective
4.5: The Addition of Water to an Alkene
4.6: The Addition of an Alcohol to an Alkene
4.7: A Carbocation Will Rearrange If It Can Form a More Stable Carbocation
4.8: The Addition of a Halogen to an Alkene
4.9: Oxymercuration-Reduction and Alkoxymercuration-Reduction Are Other Ways to Add Water or an Alcohol to an Alkene
4.10: The Addition of a Peroxyacid to an Alkene
4.11: The Addition of Borane to an Alkene- Hydroboration-Oxidation
4.12: The Addition of Hydrogen to an Alkene
4.13: The Relative Stabilities of Alkenes
4.14: Reactions and Synthesis

5: Stereochemistry- The Arrangement of Atoms in Space; The Stereochemistry of Addition Reactions
5.1: Cis-Trans Isomers Result from Restricted Rotation
5.2: A Chiral Object Has a Nonsuperimposable Mirror Image
5.3: An Asymmetric Center Is a Cause of Chirality in a Molecule
5.4: Isomers with One Asymmetric Center
5.5: Asymmetric Centers and Stereocenters
5.6: How to Draw Enantiomers
5.7: Naming Enantiomers by the R,S System
5.8: Chiral Compounds Are Optically Active
5.9: How Specific Rotation is Measured
5.10: Enantiomeric Excess
5.11: Isomers with More than One Asymmetric Center
5.12: Meso Compounds Have Asymmetric Centers but Are Optically Inactive
5.13: How to Name Isomers with More than One Asymmetric Center
5.14: Reactions of Compounds that Contain an Asymmetric Center
5.15: Using Reactions that Do Not Break Bonds to an Asymmetric Center to Determine Relative Configurations
5.16: How Enantiomers Can Be Separated
5.17: Nitrogen and Phosphorus Atoms Can Be Asymmetric Centers
5.18: Stereochemistry of Reactions- Regioselective, Stereoselective, and Stereospecific Reactions
5.19: The Stereochemistry of Electrophilic addition Reactions of Alkenes
5.20: The Stereochemistry of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
5.21: Enantiomers Can Be Distinguished by Biological Molecules



6: The Reactions of Alkynes- An Introduction to Multistep Synthesis
6.1: The Nomenclature of Alkynes
6.2: How to Name a Compound That Has More than One Functional Group
6.3: The Physical Properties of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
6.4: The Structure of Alkynes
6.5: How Alkynes React
6.6: The Addition of Hydrogen Halides and Addition of Halogens to an Alkyne
6.7: The Addition of Water to an Alkyne
6.8: The Addition of Borane to an Alkyne- Hydroboration-Oxidation
6.9: The Addition if Hydrogen to an Alkyne
6.10: A Hydrogen Bonded to an sp Carbon is “Acidic”
6.11: Synthesis Using Acetylide Ions
6.12: Designing a Synthesis I- An Introduction to Multistep Synthesis


7: Delocalized Electrons and Their Effect on Stability, Reactivity, and pKa (More About Molecular Orbital Theory)
7.1: Delocalized Electrons Explain Benzene’s Structure
7.2: The Bonding in Benzene
7.3: Resonance Contributors and the Resonance Hybrid
7.4: How to Draw Resonance Contributors
7.5: The Predicted Stabilities of Resonance Contributors
7.6: Delocalized Energy Is the Additional Stability Delocalized Electrons Give to a Compound
7.7: Examples That Show How Delocalized Electrons Affect Stability
7.8: A Molecular Orbital Description of Stability
7.9: How Delocalized Electrons Affect pKa Values
7.10: Delocalized Electrons Can Affect the Product of a Reaction
7.11: Thermodynamic Versus Kinetic Control of Reactions
7.12: The Diels-Adler Reaction Is a 1,4-Addition Reaction



8: Substitution Reactions of Alkyl Halides
8.1: The Mechanism For an SN2SN2 Reaction
8.2: Factors That Affect SN2SN2 Reactions
8.3: The Reversibility of an SN2SN2 Reaction Depends on the Basicities of the Leaving Groups in the Forward and Reverse Directions
8.4: The Mechanism for an SN1SN1 Reaction
8.5: Factors That Affect SN1SN1 Reactions
8.6: More About the Stereochemistry of SN2SN2 and SN1SN1 Reactions
8.7: Benzylic Halides, Allylic Halides, Vinylic Halides, and Aryl Halides
8.8: Competition Between SN2SN2 and SN1SN1 Reactions
8.9: The Role of the Solvent in SN2SN2 and SN1SN1 Reactions
8.10: Intermolecular Versus Intramolecular Reactions
8.11: Biological Methylating Reagents Have Good Leaving Groups