Introduction to environmental impact assessment / John Glasson, Riki Therivel and Andrew Chadwick.

Contents

Preface to the first edition Preface to the fourth edition Acknowledgements Abbreviations and acronytns

X

XV

PART 1
Principles and procedures




1 Introduction and principles
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2The nature of EIA 3
1.3 The purposes of EIA 7
1.4 Projects, environment and impacts 12
1.5 Changing perspectives on EIA 19
1.6 Current issues in EIA 23
1.7 An outline of subsequent parts and chapters 25
Some questions27
Notes 27

References 28




2 Origins and development

2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 The National Environmental Policy Act and subsequent US systems 31
2.3 The worldwide spread of EIA 40
2.4 Development in the UK 42
2.5 EC Directive 85/337 43
2.6 EC Directive 85/337, as amended by Directive 97/ll/E C 47
2.7 An overview of EIA systems in the EU: divergent practice in a converging system? 48
2.8 Continuing issues, review and refinement of the EIA Directive in EU-27 51
2.9 Summary 53
Some questions 54
Notes 54 References 54

UK agency and legislative context 57
Introduction57
The principal actors 57
EIA regulations: an overview 61
The Town and Country Planning (EIA) Regulations 2011 64
3.5 Other EIA regulations 72
3.6 Summary and conclusions on changing legislation 76
Some questions 77
Notes 78
References 78
UK 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

PART 2
Process 81
Starting up: early stages 83
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 Managing the EIA process 83
4.3 Project screening: is an EIA needed? 86
4.4 Scoping: which impacts and issues to consider? 88
4.5 The consideration of alternatives 90
4.6 Understanding the project/development action 95
4.7 Establishing the environmental baseline 100
4.8 Impact identification 101
4.9 Summary 110
Some questions 111
Notes 111
References 111



5 Impact prediction, evaluation, mitigation and enhancement
5.1 Introduction 114
5.2 Prediction 114
5.3 Evaluation 126
5.4 Mitigation and enhancement 136
5.5 Summary 140


Some questions 141
References 141





6 Participation, presentation and review 144
6.1 Introduction 144
6.2 Public consultation and participation 145
6.3 Consultation with statutory’ consultees and other countries 152
6.4 EIA presentation 153
6.5 Review of EISs 157
6.6 Decisions on projects 159
6.7 Summary 163
Some questions 164
Notes 164
References 165


7 Monitoring and auditing: after the decision 167
7.1 Introduction 167
7.2 The importance o f monitoring and auditing in the EIA process 168
7.3 Monitoring in practice 169
7.4 Auditing in practice 173
7.5 A UK case study: monitoring and auditing the local socio-economic impacts o f the Sizewell B PWR construction project 176
7.6 A UK case study: monitoring the local impacts of the London 2012 Olympics project 183
7.7 Summary 185
Some questions 187
Note 188
References 188

PART 3

Practice191



8 An overview of UK practice to date193
8.1 Introduction 193
8.2 Number and type o f EISs and projects 194
8.3 The pre-submission EIA process 198 8.4 EIS quality 202
8.5 The post-submission EIA process 204
8.6 Legal challenges 208
8.7 Costs and benefits o f EIA 217
8.8 Summary 219
some questions 220
Notes 220
References 221



9 Case studies of HI A in practice 224
9.1 Introduction 224
9.2 Wilton power station case study: project definition in EIA 225
9.3 N21 link road, Republic o f Ireland: EIA and European protected habitats 230
9.4 Portsmouth incinerator: public participation in EIA 236
9.5 Humber Estuary development: cumulative effects assessment 241
9.6 Stansted airport second runway: health impact assessment 245
9.7 Cairngorm mountain railway: mitigation in EIA 252
9.8 SEA o f UK offshore wind energy development 255
9.9 SEA o f Tyne and Wear local transport plan 261
9.10 Summary 268
Some questions 269
References 269

10 Com parative practice 271
10.1 Introduction 271
10.2 EIA stahis worldwide 272
10.3 Benin 276
10.4 Peru 278
10.5 China 279
10.6 Poland 282
10.7 Canada 283
10.8 Australia and Western Australia 285
10.9 International bodies 289
10.10 Summary 291
Some questions 291
References 292

PART 4
Prospects 297
11 widening the scope: strategic environmental assessment
11.1 Introduction 299
11.2 Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) 299
11.3 SEA worldwide 302

11.4 SEA in the UK 306
11.5 Summary 313
Some questions 313
Note 313
References 313

12 Im proving the effectiveness of project assessment 315
12.1 Introduction 315
12.2 Perspectives on change 315
12.3 Possible changes in the EIA process: overviews of the future agenda 317
12.4 Possible changes in the EIA process: more specific examples 319
12.5 Extending EIA to project implementation: environmental management systems, audits and plans 335
12.6 Summary 339
Some questions 340
Notes 341
References 341

Appendices
1 Full text of EC EIA Directive 345
2Town and Country Planning (EIA) Regulations 2011 - Schedule 2 359
3 Full text of EC's SEA Directive 366
4 The Lee and Colley review package 374
5 Environmental impact statement review package (IAU, Oxford Brookes University) 375
6 Selected EIA journals and websites 384
Index 387


Includes bibliographical references and index.