Engineering fundamentals Moaveni Saeed

PART ONE: ENGINEERING——AN EXCITING PROFESSION 2
1 Introduction to the Engineering Profession 4
1.1 Engineering Work Is All Around You 5
1.2 Engineering as a Profession and Common Traits of Good Engineers 8
1.3 Common Traits of Good Engineers 10
1.4 Engineering Disciplines 12
1.5 Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) 14
Professional Profile 23
Summary 23
Problems 23
Impromptu Design I 25

2 Preparing for an Engineering Career 26
2.1 Making the Transition from High School to College 27
2.2 Budgeting Your Time 27
2.3 Daily Studying and Preparation 30
2.4 Getting Involved with an Engineering Organization 35
2.5 Your Graduation Plan 36
2.6 Other Considerations 36
Student Profile 37
Professional Profile 38
Summary 39

Problems 39

3 Introduction to Engineering Design 40
3.1 Engineering Design Process 41
3.2 Sustainability in Design 54
3.3 Engineering Economics 56
3.4 Material Selection 56

CONTENTS

3.5 Teamwork 59
3.6 Common Traits of Good Teams 60
3.7 Conflict Resolution 61
3.8 Project Scheduling and Task Chart 61
3.9 Evaluating Alternatives 63
3.10 Patent, Trademark, and Copyright 64
3.11 Engineering Standards and Codes 65
3.12 Examples of Standards and Codes Organizations in the United States 68
3.13 Examples of International Standards and Codes 70
3.14 Drinking Water Standards in the United States 76
3.15 Outdoor Air Quality Standards in the United States 77
3.16 Indoor Air Quality Standards in the United States 79
Professional Profile 81

Summary 82
Problems 82
Impromptu Design II 85
Civil Engineering Design Process: A Case Study: Health Clinic 86
Mechanical/Electrical Engineering Design Process: A Case Study: Minnkota Electric Outboard Drive 88

4 Engineering Communication 91
4.1 Communication Skills and Presentation of Engineering Work 92
4.2 Basic Steps Involved in the Solution of Engineering Problems 92
4.3 Homework Presentation 95
4.4 Progress Report, Excutive Summary, and Short Memos 97
4.5 Detailed Technical Report 97
4.6 Oral Communication and Presentation 100
4.7 Engineering Graphical Communication 101

Summary 103
Problems 104
Professional Profile 107

5 Engineering Ethics 109
5.1 Engineering Ethics 110
5.2 The Code of Ethics of the National Society of Professional Engineers 111
5.3 Code of Ethics for Engineers 111
5.4 Engineer’s Creed 115

Summary 121
Problems 122
Engineering Ethics: A Case Study from NSPE* 124

PART TWO: ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS—CONCEPTS EVERY ENGINEER SHOULD KNOW 128

6 Fundamental Dimensions and Units 130
6.1 Engineering Problems and Fundamental Dimensions 131
6.2 Systems of Units 132

xii Contents

6.3 Unit Conversion 138
6.4 Dimensional Homogeneity 141
6.5 Numerical versus Symbolic Solutions 143
6.6 Significant Digits (Figures) 144
6.7 Engineering Components and Systems 146
6.8 Physical Laws and Observations in Engineering 148
6.9 Learning Engineering Fundamental Concepts and Design Variables from Fundamental Dimensions 151

Summary 153
Problems 153

7 Length and Length-Related Parameters 159
7.1 Length as a Fundamental Dimension 161
7.2 Measurement of Length 165
7.3 Nominal Sizes versus Actual Sizes 168
7.4 Radians as a Ratio of Two Lengths 171
7.5 Strain as a Ratio of Two Lengths 171
7.6 Area 171
7.7 Volume 180
7.8 Second Moments of Areas 185

Summary 190
Problems 191
Impromptu Design III 196
An Engineering Marvel: The New York City Water Tunnel No. 3 197

8 Time and Time-Related Parameters 203
8.1 Time as a Fundamental Dimension 205
8.2 Measurement of Time 207
8.3 Periods and Frequencies 210
8.4 Flow of Traffic 212
8.5 Engineering Parameters Involving Length and Time 214
8.6 Angular Motion 221
Professional Profile 223

Summary 224
Problems 224

9 Mass and Mass-Related Parameters 229
9.1 Mass as a Fundamental Dimension 231
9.2 Measurement of Mass 233
9.3 Density, Specific Volume, and Specific Gravity 234
9.4 Mass Flow Rate 236
9.5 Mass Moment of Inertia 236
9.6 Momentum 239
9.7 Conservation of Mass 241

Summary 244
Problems 245
Impromptu Design IV 250

Contents xiii

10 Force and Force-Related Parameters 251
10.1 What We Mean By Force 253
10.2 Newton’s Laws in Mechanics 259
10.3 Moment, Torque——Force Acting at a Distance 262
10.4 Work——Force Acting Over a Distance 267
10.5 Pressure and Stress——Force Acting Over an Area 269
10.6 Modulus of Elasticity, Modulus of Rigidity, and Bulk Modulus of Compressibility 282
10.7 Linear Impulse——Force Acting Over Time 290

Summary 292
Problems 292
Impromptu Design V 298
An Engineering Marvel: Caterpillar 797 Mining Truck 299

11 Temperature and Temperature-Related Parameters 303
11.1 Temperature as a Fundamental Dimension 305
11.2 Measurement of Temperature and Its Units 308
11.3 Temperature Difference and Heat Transfer 315
11.4 Thermal Comfort, Metabolic Rate, and Clothing Insulation 329
11.5 Some Temperature-Related Material Properties 331
11.6 Heating Values of Fuels 335
11.7 Degree-Days and Energy Estimation 336

Summary 337
Professional Profile 338
Problems 339

12 Electric Current and Related Parameters 344
12.1 Electric Current as a Fundamental Dimension 346
12.2 Voltage 347
12.3 Direct Current and Alternating Current 349
12.4 Electrical Circuits and Components 352
12.5 Electric Motors 360
12.6 Lighting Systems 363
Professional Profile 368

Summary 369
Problems 369

13 Energy and Power 372
13.1 Work, Mechanical Energy, Thermal Energy 373
13.2 Conservation of Energy——First Law of Thermodynamics 379
13.3 Understanding What We Mean by Power 381
13.4 Watts and Horsepower 382
13.5 Efficiency 386
13.6 Energy Sources, Generation, Consumption 393
Student Profile 408

xiv Contents

Professional Profile 409
Summary 410
Problems 410
Impromptu Design VI 412
An Engineering Marvel: Hoover Dam 413
PART THREE: COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING TOOLS—
USING AVAILABLE SOFTWARE TO SOLVE ENGINEERING PROBLEMS 416

14 Electronic Spreadsheets 418
14.1 Microsoft Excel——Basic Ideas 419
14.2 Cells and Their Addresses 420
14.3 Creating Formulas in Excel 422
14.4 Using Excel Functions 428
14.5 Using Excel Logical Functions 433
14.6 Plotting with Excel 434
14.7 Matrix Computation with Excel 441
14.8 Curve Fitting with Excel 448

Summary 452
Problems 453

15 MATLAB 461
15.1 MATLAB——Basic Ideas 462
15.2 Using MATLAB Built-in Functions 471
15.3 Plotting with MATLAB 480
15.4 Importing Excel and Other Data Files into MATLAB 487
15.5 Matrix Computations with MATLAB 489
15.6 Curve Fitting with MATLAB 492
15.7 Symbolic Mathematics with MATLAB 493
Professional Profile 496

Summary 497
Problems 497
PART FOUR: ENGINEERING GRAPHICAL COMMUNICATION—
CONVEYING INFORMATION TO OTHER ENGINEERS, MACHINISTS,
TECHNICANS, AND MANAGERS 504

16 Engineering Drawings and Symbols 506
16.1 Importance of Engineering Drawing 507
16.2 Orthographic Views 508
16.3 Dimensioning and Tolerancing 511
16.4 Isometric View 514
16.5 Sectional Views 517

Contents xv

16.6 Civil, Electrical, and Electronic Drawings 521
16.7 Solid Modeling 521
16.8 Why Do We Need Engineering Symbols? 528
16.9 Examples of Common Symbols In Civil, Electrical, and Mechanical Engineering 530
Professional Profile 533

Summary 534
Problems 535
An Engineering Marvel: Boeing 777 Commercial Airplane 544
PART FIVE: ENGINEERING MATERIAL SELECTION—
AN IMPORTANT DESIGN DECISION 550

17 Engineering Materials 552
17.1 Material Selection 553
17.2 Electrical, Mechanical, and Thermophysical Properties of Materials 555
17.3 Some Common Solid Engineering Materials 561
17.4 Some Common Fluid Materials 571
Professional Profile 573
Summary 574
Problems 574
Impromptu Design VII 577
An Engineering Marvel: The Jet Engine 578
PART SIX: MATHEMATICS, STATISTICS, AND ENGINEERING ECONOMICS—
WHY ARE THEY IMPORTANT? 582

18 Mathematics in Engineering 584
18.1 Mathematical Symbols and Greek Alphabet 585
18.2 Linear Models 587
18.3 Nonlinear Models 594
18.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Models 600
18.5 Matrix Algebra 605
18.6 Calculus 616
18.7 Differential Equations 624
Summary 626
Problems 627

19 Probability and Statistics in Engineering 633
19.1 Probability——Basic Ideas 634
19.2 Statistics——Basic Ideas 635
19.3 Frequency Distributions 636
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19.4 Measures of Central Tendency and Variation——Mean, Median, and Standard Deviation 638
19.5 Normal Distribution 643
Summary 650
Problems 650

20 Engineering Economics 655
20.1 Cash Flow Diagrams 656
20.2 Simple and Compound Interest 657
20.3 Future Worth of a Present Amount 658
20.4 Effective Interest Rate 661
20.5 Present Worth of a Future Amount 663
20.6 Present Worth of Series Payment or Annuity 663
20.7 Future Worth of Series Payment 664
20.8 Summary of Engineering Economics Analysis 668
20.9 Choosing the Best Alternatives——Decision Making 672
20.10 Excel Financial Functions 675
Summary 678
Problems 679
Appendix 684

Index 689