Introduction to forestry and natural resources / Donald L. Grebner , Pete Bettinger , Jacek P. Siry , Kevin Boston

Table of contents

1. A brief history of forestry and natural resource management
1.1 What is forestry and natural resource management? 2
1.2 What are forests? 3
1.3 Why are forests important to humans 7
1.4 A brief history of human interaction with forests 8
1.5 Forests in the current world political and environmental context 13
1.6 Human developmental pressures on forests 15
1.7 What are the major challenges to forests in the future? 16
summary 17
References 18

2. Forest regions of the world
2.1 North America 24
2.2 Central America 34
2.3 South America 40
2.4 Europe 48
2.5 Asia 56
2.6 Africa 63
2.7 Oceania 70
summary 74
References 76

3. Forest landowner goals, objectives, and constraints
3.1 introduction 82
3.2 objectives of forest landowners 83
3.3 constraints of forest landowners 95
summary 97
references 98

4. Forest products
4.1 commodities 102
4.2 nontimber forest products 119
summary 126
references 127

5. Wildlife habitat relationships
5.1 What is wildlife? 131
5.2 What is wildlife habitat? 135
5.3 Characterization of habitat types 141
5.4 succession and conditions 141
5.5 Edge versus interior habitats 143
5.6 Riparian zones and wildlife corridors 143
5.7 Direct and indirect management of habitat 144
5.8 Habitat models 146
5.9 Threats to wildlife habitat 147
summary 149
references 150

6. Ecosystem services
6.1 What is an ecosystem? 153
6.2 What are ecosystem services? 157
6.3 types of ecosystem services 158
6.4 Trade-offs when managing for different forest ecosystem services 168
summary 169
references 170

7. Forest recreation
7.1 What is recreation? 174
7.2 What is forest recreation? 175
7.3 A brief history of forest recreation in the United States 178
7.4 Where are the forest recreational opportunities? 181
7.5 Recreation opportunity spectrum 187
7.6 Factors that affect participation in the forest recreation 188
7.7 Recreational planning and development 191
summary 193
references 194

8. Forest measurements and forestry related data
8.1 Measuring trees and forest 200
8.2 measuring other resources 208
8.3 geographic information systems 216
8.4 global satellite-based positioning and navigation systems 218
8.5 Aerial photographs and digital orthophotographs 219
8.6 other remotely sensed imagery 221
8.7 Laser and LiDAR technology 225
8.8 Unmanned aerial vehicles: drones 225
summary 226
references 227

9. Tree anatomy and physiology
9.1 tree anatomy 231
9.2 transpiration and sap flow in tree 236
9.3 photosynthesis 237
9.4 tree respiration 239
9.5 tree growth 240
9.6 tree roots 240
9.7 tree regeneration 242
9.8 tree tolerance to shade 246
9.9 tree nutrition 248
9.10 tree responses to signals 249
summary 250
references 251

10. Forest dynamics
10.1 forest communities 253
10.2 interaction, competition and strategy among tree species 254
10.3 gradients and niches 255
10.4 forest succession 256
10.5 stand dynamics following major disturbance 259
10.6 gap dynamics 260
summary 261
references 262

11. Common forestry practices
11.1 site preparation 266
11.2 forest regeneration 268
11.3 early tending 273
11.4 precommercial thinning 274
11.5 pruning 275
11.6 commercial thinning 276
11.7 fertilization 277
11.8 final harvest 278
11.9 group selection harvests 279
11.10 seed tree harvests 280
11.11 shelterwood harvest 281
11.12 uneven aged partial selection harvests 282
11.13 partial selective harvests 283
11.14 salvage or sanitation harvests 283
11.15 prescribed burning 283
11.16 forest fuel reduction treatments 284
11.17 understory cleaning 286
11.18 biomass harvesting 286
11.19 agroforestry 287
11.20 clonal forestry 289
11.21 forest protection 289
summary 290
references 291

12. Forest harvesting systems
12.1 tree felling and processing in the woods 296
12.2 primary transportation 299
12.3 tree processing at a landing 304
12.4 secondary transportation 306
12.5 forest roads 307 12.6 safety 308
12.7 harvesting other products 308
summary 390
references 310

13. Forest and natural resource economics
13.1 introduction 314
13.2 why forest and natural resource economics 315
13.3 markets, efficiency and government 317
13.4 the time value of money 319
13.5 forest and natural resource investment evaluation criteria 322
13. 6 economics of a forest rotation 323
13.7 nonmarket forest products 328
summary 332
references 333

14. Forest disturbances and health
14.1 what are forest disturbances 335
14.2 disturbances created by wind 336
14.3 disturbances created by fire 340
14.4 disturbances created by volcanic eruptions 345
14.5 disturbances created by floods 348
14.6 disturbances created by diseases 349
14.7 disturbances created by insects 350
14.8 disturbances created by humans 359
summary 360
references 361

15. Forest policies and external pressures
15.1 what is a forest policy? 365
15.2 international forest policies 366
15.3 national, state, and provincial policies 369
15.4 organizational and individual policies 371
15.5 forest certification programs 372
15.6 trade issues 376
15.7 forest carbon sequestration and markets 379
15.8 renewal energy and forest resources 383
summary 384
references 385

16. Urban forestry
16.1 what is urban forestry? 388
16.2 A brief history of urban forestry 389
16.3 the benefits of urban forestry 392
16.4 the environment of urban forestry 399
summary 404
references 405


17. Ethics
17.1 introduction 409
17.2 philosophical approaches to land or conservation ethics 410
17.3 ethical conduct from a business perspective 416
17.4 example codes of ethics in natural resource management 419
summary 426
references 426

18. Forestry and natural resource management careers
18.1 forestry and natural resource management careers 430
summary 444
references 444
Appendix A445
Appendix B455
Glossary 461
index 477


Includes bibliographical references and index.