| General note |
<br/>CONTENT<br/><br/>Introduction 1<br/>A. Ethics, morals, and professionalism 1<br/>B. Some central themes in this book 6<br/>1. Conflicts of interest 6<br/>2. Truthfulness 7<br/>3. Lawyers duties to clients versus their duties to the justice <br/> system 8<br/>4. Lawyers' personal and professional interests versus their <br/> fiduciary obligations 9<br/>5. Self-interest as a theme in regulation of lawyers 9<br/>6. Lawyers as employees: institutional pressures on ethical judgments 10<br/>C. The structure of this book 11<br/>D. The rules quoted in this book: a note on sources 12<br/>E. Stylistic decisions 14<br/><br/>Chapter 1 The Regulation of Lawyers 15<br/>A. Institutions that regulate lawyers 16<br/>1. The highest state courts 16<br/>a. The responsibility of self-regulation 16<br/>b. The inherent powers doctrine 18<br/>2. State and local bar associations 21<br/>3. Lawyer disciplinary agencies 21<br/>4. The American Bar Association 22<br/>5. The American Law Institute 23<br/>6. Federal and state trial courts 25<br/>7. Legislatures 25<br/>8. Administrative agencies 27<br/>9. Prosecutors 27<br/>10. Malpractice insurers 28<br/>11. Law firms and other employers 29<br/>12. Clients 30<br/>B. The law governing lawyers 32<br/>1. State ethics codes 33<br/>2. Legal malpractice, breach of contract, and breach of fiduciary duty 36<br/>3. Motions to disqualify for conflicts of interest 39<br/>4. Contract law 39<br/>5. Advisory ethics opinions 39<br/>6. Research on ethics law 40<br/>C. Admission to practice 43<br/>1. Requirements for admission 43<br/>a. A short history of bar admission 43<br/>b. Contemporary bar admission requirements 45<br/>2. Bar examination 46<br/>3. The character and fitness inquiry 47<br/>a. Criteria for evaluation 47<br/>b. The character questionnaire 52<br/>Problem 1-1 Pot 53<br/>c. Mental health of applicants<br/> 55<br/>Jon Bauer, The Character of the Questions and the Fitness of <br/>the Process: Mental Health, Bar Admissions, and the Americans <br/>with Disabilities Act 55<br/>d. Misconduct during law school 57<br/>In re Mustafa 57<br/>California Bar Journal 60<br/>e. Law school discipline: A preliminary screening process 61<br/>Problem 1-2 The Doctored Resume 62<br/>D. Professional discipline 64<br/>1. History and process of lawyer discipline 64<br/>2. Grounds for discipline 68<br/>In re Peters 72<br/>E. Reporting misconduct by other lawyers 80<br/>1. The duty to report misconduct 81<br/>Daryl van Duch, Best Snitches: Land of Lincoln Leads the <br/>Nation in Attorneys Turning in Their Peers 83<br/>2. Lawyers' responsibility for ethical misconduct by colleagues <br/>and superiors 87<br/>Problem 1-3 The Little Hearing 91<br/>3. Legal protections for subordinate lawyers 93<br/>David Margolick, New York Court Shields Lawyers Who Report <br/>Dishonest Colleagues 94<br/>Kelly v. Hunton & Williams 99<br/>Problem 1-4 The Photographer 107<br/><br/>Chapter 2 The Duty to Protect Client Confidences 109<br/>A. The basic principle of confidentiality 110<br/>1. Protection of "information relating to the representation of <br/> a client" 110<br/>Problem 2-1 Your Dinner with Anna, Scene 1 113<br/>Problem 2-2 Your Dinner with Anna, Scene 2 114<br/>2. Protection of information if there is a reasonable prospect of <br/> harm to a client's interests 116<br/>3. The bottom line 117<br/>B. Exceptions to the duty to protect confidences 119<br/>1. Revelation of past criminal conduct 120<br/>The Missing Persons Case: The Defense of Robert Garrow 121<br/>Problem 2-3 The Missing Persons, Scene 1 121<br/>Problem 2-4 The Missing Persons, Scene 2 123<br/>The Real Case 124<br/>People v. Belge 124<br/>People v. Belge 126<br/>Problem 2-5 The Missing Persons, Scene 3 127<br/>2. The risk of future injury or death 128<br/>Spaulding v. Zimmerman 130<br/>Spaulding v. Zimmerman 130<br/>Problem 2-6 Your Dinner with Anna, Scene 3 137<br/>3. Client frauds and crimes that cause financial harm 138<br/>a. Enron and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 139<br/>b. The ethical rules on revelation of client crimes and frauds 140<br/>c. Fraud by a client, not assisted by a lawyer 144<br/>d. Fraud by a client, assisted by a lawyer 144<br/>Other ethics rules allowing or requiring revelation of <br/>confidences relating to criminal or fraudulent conduct 145<br/>e. What is fraud? A primer 146<br/>Problem 2-7 Reese's Leases 151<br/>4. Revealing confidences to obtain advice about legal ethics 154 <br/>5. Using a client's confidential information to protect the <br/> lawyer's interests 154<br/>6. Revealing confidences to comply with other law or a court order 156<br/>C. Use or disclosure of Confidential information for personal gain or <br/> to benefit another client 158<br/>Problem 2-8 An Investment Project 158<br/>D. Talking to clients about confidentiality 159<br/>E. A concluding problem 160<br/>Problem 2-9 Rat Poison 160<br/><br/>Chapter 3 The Attorney-Client Privilege and the Work <br/> Product Doctrine 163<br/>A. Confidentiality and attorney-client privilege, compared 164 <br/>1. Ethics law versus evidence law 165<br/>2. Difference in scope 165<br/>3. Different methods of enforcement 166<br/>4. When attorney-client privilege is invoked 167<br/>5. Why study a rule of evidence in a professional responsibility course? 167<br/>6. Source of the privilege 168<br/>B. The elements of attorney-client privilege 168<br/>1. Communication 168<br/>2. Privileged persons 169<br/>3. Communication in confidence 170<br/>4. Communication for the purpose of seeking legal assistance 170<br/>Problem 3-1 The Clandestine Videotape 174<br/>C. Client identity 174<br/>D. The privilege for corporations 176<br/>Upjohn Co. v. United States 177<br/>Sarah Helene Duggin, Internal Corporate Investigations:<br/> Legal Ethics, Professionalism, and the Employee Interview 182<br/>Problem 3-2 Worldwide Bribery 185<br/>E. The crime-fraud exception 186<br/>1. No privilege if a client seeks assistance with a crime or fraud 186<br/>Problem 3-3 The Fatal Bus Crash 190<br/>2. Procedure for challenging the privilege on the basis of the exception 191<br/>3. The tobacco litigation 192<br/>F. The death of the client 193<br/>1. Introduction 193<br/>Problem 3-4 The Dead Murderer 193<br/>2. The suicide of Vincent Foster 194<br/>a. Factual background 194<br/>b. The Supreme Court evaluates the privilege claim 195<br/>Swidler & Berlin v. United States 195<br/>G. Waiver 196<br/>1. Express waiver by client 196<br/>2. Waiver by inaction 197<br/>3. Waiver by revealing privileged communication to nonprivileged person 197<br/>4. Waiver by putting privileged communication into issue 198<br/>5. Waiver as to a conversation by disclosure of part of it 198<br/>6. Compliance with court orders 198<br/>H. The work product doctrine 199<br/>1. Work product prepared in anticipation of litigation 199<br/>2. Origins of the work product rule 199<br/>3. Materials not created or collected in anticipation of litigation 200<br/>4. A qualified protection 200<br/>5. Protection of lawyer's "mental impressions" 201<br/>6. Protection of work product, not underlying information 201<br/><br/>Chapter 4 Relationships Between Lawyers and Clients 203<br/>A. Formation of the lawyer-client relationship 204<br/>1. Choosing clients 204<br/>2. Offering advice as the basis for a lawyer-client relationship 205<br/>Togstad v. Vesely, Otto, Miller & Keefe 206<br/>Problem 4-1 The Chat Room 212<br/>B. Lawyers' responsibility as agents 213<br/>1. Express and implied authority 214<br/>2. Apparent authority 215<br/>Problem 4-2 The Fired Guard 216<br/>C. Lawyers' duties of competence, honesty, communication, and diligence 217<br/>1. Competence 217<br/>Matter of Neal 220<br/>Problem 4-3 The Washing Machine 224<br/>2. Competence in criminal trials 226<br/>Strickland v. Washington 226<br/>3. Candor and communication 231<br/>a. Is it ever okay to lie? 231<br/>b. Lying versus deception: Is there a moral distinction? 232<br/>c. Truth versus truthfulness 233<br/>d. Honesty and communication under the ethics rules 233<br/>e. Civil liability for dishonesty to clients 235<br/>Problem 4-4 Lying to Clients 237<br/>4. Diligence 238<br/>5. Contractual duties 240<br/>D. Who calls the shots? 240<br/>1. The competent adult client 240<br/>Jones v. Barnes 243<br/>Problem 4-5 The Package Bomber 250<br/>2. Contracts to change the duties owed to clients 253<br/>3. Clients with diminished capacity 253<br/>a. Clients who may have mental disabilities 256<br/>Paul R. Tremblay, On Persuasion and Paternalism: Lawyer Decisionmaking <br/>and the Questionably Competent Client 257<br/>Problem 4-6 Vinyl Windows 260<br/>Problem 4-7 Tightening the Knot 263<br/>b. Juveniles 264<br/>Martin Guggenheim, A Paradigm for Determining the Role of Counsel <br/>for Children 264<br/>ABA, Standards of Practice for Lawyers Representing a Child in <br/>Abuse and Neglect Cases (1996) 266<br/>Frances Gall Hill, Clinical Education and the "Best Interest" <br/>Representation of Children in Custody<br/>Disputes: Challenges and Opportunities in Lawyering and Pedagogy 268<br/>Problem 4-8 The Foster Child 269<br/>E. Terminating a lawyer-client relationship 273<br/>1. Duties to the client at the conclusion of the relationship 273<br/>Problem 4-9 The Candid Notes 274<br/>2. Grounds for termination before the work is completed 275<br/>a. When the client fires the lawyer 275<br/>b. When continued representation would involve unethical conduct 275<br/>c. When the lawyer wants to terminate the relationship 276<br/>d. Matters in litigation 276<br/>e. When the client stops paying the fee 277<br/>f. When the case imposes an unreasonable financial burden on the lawyer 277<br/>g. When the client will not cooperate 277<br/><br/>Chapter 5 Concurrent Conflicts of Interest 279<br/>A. Studying conflicts of interest 280<br/>1. Why lawyers needs to understand conflicts 280<br/>2. Why the study of conflicts is difficult 282<br/>Light in the tunnel 284<br/>3. How the conflicts rules are organized 285<br/>How the conflicts discussion is organized 286<br/>B. General principles in evaluating concurrent conflicts 287<br/>1. Rule 1.7 287<br/>a. Direct adversity 289<br/>b. Material limitation 289<br/>2. How to evaluate conflicts 290<br/>3. Nonconsentable conflicts 291<br/>a. The lawyer's reasonable belief 291<br/>b. Representation prohibited by law 292<br/>c. Suing one client on behalf of another client 292<br/>4. Informed consent 293<br/>5. Withdrawal and disqualification 297<br/>6. Imputation of concurrent conflicts 298<br/>Problem 5-1 The Injured Passengers, Scene 1 300<br/>C. Conflicts between current clients in civil litigation 301<br/>1. Suing a current client 301<br/>Problem 5-2 I thought you were my lawyer! 303<br/>2. Cross-examining a current client 304<br/>3. Representation of co-plaintiffs or co-defendants in civil <br/> litigation 305<br/>Problem 5-3 The Injured Passengers, Scene 2 306<br/>4. Representing economic competitors in unrelated matters 306<br/>5. Conflicts in public interest litigation 308<br/>Problem 5-4 The Prisoners' Dilemma 308<br/>6. Taking inconsistent legal positions in litigation 310<br/>Problem 5-5 Top Gun 311<br/>D. Conflicts in nonlitigation matters: Representation of both <br/> parties to a transaction 312<br/>E. Conflicts in representation of organizations 315<br/>1. Who is the client? 316<br/>2. Representation of the entity and employees 317<br/>3. Duty to protect confidences of employees 318<br/>4. Responding to unlawful conduct by corporate officers and other <br/> employees 319<br/>5. Entity lawyers on boards of directors 320<br/>Problem 5-6 My Client's Subsidiary 321<br/>F. Joint representation in particular practice settings 322<br/>1. Representation of criminal co-defendants? 322<br/>a. The costs and benefits of joint representation of co-defendants 323<br/>b. Case law and ethics rules on joint representation of co-defendants 325<br/>c. The Sixth Amendment and joint representation 326<br/>Problem 5-7 Police Brutality, Scene 1 328<br/>Problem 5-8 Police Brutality, Scene 2 329<br/>Problem 5-9 Police Brutality, Scene 3 330<br/>2. Conflicts in representing family members 330<br/>a. Representing both spouses in a divorce 330<br/>b. Representing family members in estate planning 331<br/>Florida Bar Opinion 95-4 (1997) 332<br/>Problem 5-10 Representing the Mc Carthys 333<br/>3. Representing insurance companies and insured persons 335<br/>Problem 5-11 Two Masters 338<br/>4. Conflicts in representation of a class 339<br/><br/>Chapter 6 Conflicts Involving Former Clients, Government Lawyers, <br/> and Judges 343<br/>A. The Nature of Conflicts Between Present and Former Clients 344<br/>B. Duties to former clients 347<br/>C. Distinguishing present and former clients 348<br/>1. Maintaining contact 350<br/>Problem 6-1 Keeping in Touch 350<br/>2. Hiring and firing lawyers to create or eliminate conflicts 351<br/>3. Former in-house counsel 352<br/>D. Evaluating successive conflicts 353<br/>1. Questions to ask 353<br/>2. The same matter 354<br/>3. Substantial relationship 355<br/>4. Confidential information 357<br/>5. Variations in the definition of "substantial relationship" 358<br/>6. Material adversity 359<br/>E. Practice issues relating to former client conflicts 361<br/>Problem 6-2 The District Attorney 363<br/>F. Particular applications of Rule 1.9 363<br/>1. Suing former clients 363<br/>2. Representing the competitor of a former client 364<br/>Maritrans GP, Inc. v. Pepper, Hamilton & Scheetz 365<br/>G. Conflicts between the interests of a present client and a client <br/> who was represented by a lawyer's former firm 373<br/>1. Analyzing former firm conflicts 374<br/>2. Using or revealing a former client's confidences 375<br/>Problem 6-3 A Dysfunctional Family Business 376<br/>H. Imputation of former client conflicts to affiliated lawyers 377<br/>1. Imputation of the conflicts of an entering lawyer who is "infected" 379<br/>2. Imputation of the conflicts of a departed lawyer to his former firm 381<br/>3. Client waiver of imputed conflicts 382<br/>4. Imputation of conflicts among lawyers sharing office space 382<br/>Problem 6-4 The Fatal Shot 384<br/>I. Successive conflicts of present and former government lawyers 384<br/>1. Conflicts of former government lawyers in private practice 385<br/>a. What is a "matter"? 386<br/>b. Personal and substantial participation 387<br/>c. Screening of former government lawyers 388<br/>d. Confidential government information 389<br/>Problem 6-5 The Former Government Lawyer 390<br/>2. Conflicts of government lawyers practice 394<br/>J. Conflicts involving judges, arbitrators, and mediators 395<br/>1. Conflicts rules for sitting judges 395<br/>Problem 6-6 The Judge's Former Professor 396<br/>2. Conflicts rules for former judges, law clerks, arbitrators, <br/> and mediators 397<br/>a. Personal and substantial participation 398<br/>b. Imputation 398<br/>c. Employment negotiation 399<br/>K. Conflicts involving prospective clients 399<br/>Problem 6-7 The Mine Explosion 401<br/>Chapter 7 Conflicts of Interest Between Lawyers and Clients 403<br/>A. Legal fees 406<br/>1. Lawyer-client fee contracts 406<br/>a. Types of agreements 406<br/>b. Reasonable Fees 407<br/>Brobeck, Phleger & Harrison v. Telex Corp. 409<br/>In the Matter of Fordham 414<br/>c. Communication about fee arrangements 420<br/>Problem 7-1 An Unreasonable Fee? 422<br/>d. Modification of fee agreements 423<br/>Problem 7-2 Rising Prices 423<br/>2. Regulation of hourly billing and billing for expenses 424<br/>Lisa G. Lerman, Scenes from a Law Firm 434<br/>3. Contingent fees 441<br/>a. In general 441<br/>b. Criminal and domestic relations cases 444<br/>4. Forbidden and restricted fee and expense arrangements 445<br/>a. Buying legal claims 445<br/>b. Financial assistance to a client 446<br/>Problem 7-3 An Impoverished Client 446<br/>c. Publication rights 447<br/>d. Advance payment of fees and nonrefundable retainers 448<br/>5. Fee disputes 449<br/>a. Prospective limitations of lawyer's liability and settlement of <br/> claims against lawyers 449<br/>b. Fee arbitration 451<br/>c. Collection of fees 452<br/>d. Fees owed to a lawyer who withdraws or is fired before the matter is <br/> completed 454<br/>6. Dividing fees with other firms or with nonlawyers 455<br/>a. Division of fees between lawyers not in the same firm 455<br/>b. Sharing fees with nonlawyers 457<br/>7. Payment of fee by a third party 458<br/>B. Conflicts with lawyer's personal or business interests 458<br/>1. In general 458<br/>2. Business transactions between lawyer and client 459<br/>Problem 7-4 Starting a Business 463<br/>3. Gifts from clients 464<br/>4. Sexual relationships with clients 465<br/>5. Intimate or family relationships with adverse lawyers 466<br/>6. Imputation of personal interest conflicts to other lawyers in a firm 467<br/>a. Financial interest conflicts 467<br/>b. General rule on imputation of conflicts with a lawyer's interests 467<br/>C. Lawyer as custodian of client property and documents 468<br/>1. Client trust accounts 468<br/>2. Responsibility for client property 469<br/>a. Prompt delivery of funds or property 469<br/>b. Disputes about money or property in lawyer's possession 470<br/>c. Lawyers' responsibilities to clients' creditors 471<br/>3. Administering estates and trusts 471<br/><br/>Chapter 8 Lawyers' Duties to Courts, Adversaries and Others 473<br/>A. Being a good person in an adversary system 474<br/> Charles Fried, The Lawyer as Friend: The Moral Foundations of <br/> the Lawyer-Client Relation 476<br/>Stephen Gillers, Can a Good Lawyer be a Bad Person? 478<br/>B. Investigation before filing a complaint 479<br/>1. Required investigation by lawyers filing civil cases 480<br/>Problem 8-1 Your Visit from Paula Jones 484<br/>2. Required investigation by prosecutors before charges are filed 485<br/>C. Truth and falsity in litigation 487<br/>1. The rules on candor to tribunals 487<br/>2. Which rule applies when? A taxonomy of truth-telling problems <br/> in litigation 488<br/>3. A lawyer's duties if a client or witness intends to give false <br/> testimony 490<br/>a. When the lawyer believes that a criminal defendant intends to lie <br/> on the stand 490<br/>Nix v. Whiteside 490<br/>b. A lawyer's "knowledge" of a client's intent to give false testimony 495<br/>Problem 8-2 Flight from Sudan, Scene 1 496<br/>c. A lawyer's duties if a client intends to mislead the court without <br/> lying 498<br/>Problem 8-3 Flight from Sudan, Scene 2 500<br/>d. Variations in state rules on candor to tribunals 501<br/>4. False impressions created by lawyers during litigation 503<br/>How Simpson Lawyers Bamboozled a Jury 504<br/>Problem 8-4 The Drug Test 505<br/>Problem 8-5 The Body Double 506<br/>5. Lawyers' duties of truthfulness in preparing witnesses to testify 507<br/>Problem 8-6 Refreshing Recollection 509<br/>D. Concealment of physical evidence and documents 510<br/>1. Duties of criminal defense lawyers with respect to evidence of <br/> crimes 511<br/>Problem 8-7 A Revealing Portfolio 517<br/>Problem 8-8 The Break-In 519<br/>Note: Stolen documents as evidence 520<br/>2. Concealment of documents and evidence in civil cases 520<br/>a. A more limited obligation to reveal 520<br/>b. A lawyer's duties in responding to discovery requests 522<br/>Wayne D. Brazil, Views from the Front Lines: Observations by Chicago <br/>Lawyers About the System of Civil Discovery 523<br/>Ethics: Beyond the Rules 524<br/>Problem 8-9 The Damaging Documents 527<br/>E. The duty to disclose adverse legal authority 530<br/>F. Disclosures in ex parte proceedings 531<br/>G. Improper influences on judges and juries 533<br/>1. Improper influences on judges 534<br/>a. Ex parte communication with judges 534<br/>b. Campaign contributions 535<br/>2. Improper influences on juries 535<br/>a. Lawyers' comments to the press 535<br/>The Gentile Case 536<br/>Problem 8-10 A Letter to the Editor 539<br/>Scott Brede, A Notable Case of Exceptionally Unsafe Sex 540<br/>b. Impeachment of truthful witnesses 541<br/>Harry I. Subin, The Criminal Defense Lawyer's "Different Mission": <br/>Reflections on the <br/>"Right" to Present a False Case 541<br/>c. Statements by lawyers during jury trials 543<br/>H. Lawyers' duties in nonadjudicative proceedings 548<br/>I. Communications with lawyers and third parties 550<br/>1. Deception of third parties 550<br/>a. The duty to avoid material false statements to third parties 550<br/>Problem 8-11 Emergency Food Stamps 550<br/>b. Lawyers' duties of truthfulness in fact investigation 553<br/>Apple Corps, Ltd. v. International Collectors Society 554<br/>The Gatti Case 555<br/>In re Gatti 555<br/>c. Lawyers' duties of truthfulness in negotiation 557<br/>Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Ethics, Morality and Professional <br/>Responsibility in Negotiation 558<br/>d. Obligations of disclosure to third parties 559<br/>2. Restrictions on contact with represented parties 560<br/>Messing, Rudavsky & Weliky, P.C. v. President & Fellows of <br/>Harvard College 564<br/>3. Restrictions on contact with unrepresented persons 570<br/>Problem 8-12 The Prosecutor's Masquerade 573<br/>Problem 8-13 The Complaining Witness 574<br/>J. Conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice 576<br/>K. Are lawyers really too zealous? 577<br/>Ted Schneyer, Moral Philosophy's Standard Misconception<br/><br/>Chapter 9 The Legal Profession 583<br/>A. Origins and development of the U.S. legal profession 584<br/>1. Pre-revolutionary America 584<br/>2. The nineteenth century 585<br/>3. Growth of large firms in the twentieth century 587<br/>B. A short history of American legal education 587<br/>C. Race, sex, and class in the legal profession 589<br/>1. Women 590<br/>2. People of color 593<br/>D. The legal profession today 595<br/>1. Large firms 598<br/>Michael Asimow, Embodiment of Evil: Law Firms in the Movies 600<br/>Patrick J. Schiltz, On Being a Happy, Healthy, and Ethical Member <br/>of an Unhappy, Unhealthy, and Unethical Profession 602<br/>Problem 9-1 The Reforming Partner 609<br/>Problem 9-2 The Job Interview 609<br/>2. Small firms 610<br/>a. Salaries and attrition 610<br/>b. Setting one's own schedule 610<br/>c. Bringing in business 612<br/>d. Promotion in small firms 612<br/>e. Other features of small-firm life 613<br/>f. Urban versus rural practice 613<br/>g. Gender bias in small firms 614<br/>h. The future of small firms 614<br/>i. Small firms and the Internet 615<br/>3. Government and nonprofit organizations 615<br/>E. The ethical climate of the legal profession 616<br/>1. Mass Production 618<br/>Problem 9-3 Small Claims 618<br/>2. Pressure to pad bills 619<br/>Patrick J. Schiltz, On Being a Happy, Healthy, and Ethical <br/>Member of an Unhappy, Unhealthy, and Unethical Profession 619<br/>3. Pressure from clients to help them commit fraud 621<br/>4. Ethics and substance abuse 622<br/>Problem 9-4 "I'm Not Driving" 623<br/>5. Public perceptions of lawyers 624<br/>6. How to find a law firm or other employer that has high <br/> ethical standards and humane work conditions 625<br/>Chapter 10 The Provision of Legal Services 631<br/>A. The unmet need for legal services 632<br/>B. Unauthorized practice and the role of lay advocates 636<br/>David C. Vladeck, Statement Before the ABA Commission on <br/>Non-lawyer Practice 638<br/>Problem 10-1 Special Education 641<br/>C. Other legal restrictions on the free market for legal services 643<br/>1. Advertising and solicitation 643<br/>a. General advertising 643<br/>b. In-person solicitation 644<br/>c. Direct-mail solicitation 644<br/>d. The ethics rules 645<br/>Problem 10-2 Do You Need a Lawyer? 646<br/>2. Interstate law practice 646<br/>Stephen Gillers, It's an MJP World: Model Rules Revisions <br/>Open the Door for Lawyers to Work Outside their<br/>Home Jurisdictions 648<br/>3. Ownership of law firms 650<br/>4. Multidisciplinary practice 651<br/>Stacy L. Brustin, Legal Services Provision Through <br/>Multidisciplinary Practice: Encouraging Holistic Advocacy <br/>While Protecting Ethical Interests 652<br/>5. Limited representation 656<br/>D. Beyond the free market: expanding legal services 659<br/>1. The right to counsel for indigent litigants 659<br/>a. Criminal defendants 659<br/>Problem 10-3 An Indigent Prisoner 662<br/>Richard C. Dieter, With Justice for Few: The Growing Crisis in <br/>Death Penalty Representation 663<br/>b. Parties in civil and administrative proceedings 665<br/>2. Civil legal aid 667<br/>a. The Legal Services Corporation 667<br/>Alan W. Houseman & Linda E. Perle, Securing Justice for All: <br/>A Brief History of Civil Legal Assistance in <br/>the United States 667<br/>Problem 10-4 Restrictions on Legal Services 676<br/>b. Other civil legal services 678<br/>c. The IOLTA controversy 678<br/>3. Fee-shifting statutes 679<br/>a. Fee waiver as a term of a settlement 680<br/>b. Who is a "prevailing party" entitled to attorneys' fees? 682<br/>Margaret Graham Tebo, Fee-Shifting Fallout 682<br/>4. Pro bono representation 683<br/>Greg Winter, Legal Firms Cutting Back on Free Services for Poor 685<br/>Michael Hertz, Large Law Firms: A Larger Role to Play 686<br/>Doug Campbell, Law Firms Do Little Pro Bono 687<br/>Judith L. Maute, Changing Conceptions of Lawyers' Pro <br/>Bono Responsibilities: From Chance Noblesse Oblige to Stated <br/>Expectations 687<br/>Deborah L. Rhode, Cultures of Commitment: Pro Bono for <br/>Lawyers and Law Students 689<br/>Problem 10-5 Mandatory Pro Bono Service 691<br/>5. Loan forgiveness and scholarships for public service lawyers 691 |
