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008			850415s1986 ohua b 001 0 eng
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040			_aBUL _cBUL _dBUL _beng _erda
082	0	0	_a330 _219 _bHOL
100	1		_aHolt, Jeff
245	1	0	_aPrinciples of economics / _cJeff Holt
250			_a3rd edition.
260			_aBoston : _bMcGraw-Hill _cc2007.
300			_a1 v. varying pages : _bill. ; _c28 cm.
500			_aContents Introduction: A Brief History of U.S. Economic Growth 1. From Jamestown to the Present 2. Increases in Per Capita Output 3. Improvements in the Standard of Living 4. Thirty Largest National Economies 5. Questions for Introduction 6. Answers for Introduction Chapter 1: Scarcity and Choices 1. The Basic Economic Problem - Scarcity 2. Human Wants Are Unlimited 3. Resources Are Limited 4. Categories of Resources 5. Resource Owner Motivation 6. Opportunity Cost 7. Rationing 8. Marginal Benefits and Marginal Costs 9. Scientific Thinking 10. Macroeconomics versus Microeconomics 11. Appendix: Graphs 12. Direct Relationship 13. Inverse Relationship 14. Slope 15. Questions for Chapter 1 16. Answers for Chapter 1 Chapter 2: Trade and Economic Systems 1. Self-sufficiency or Trade 2. Consumer’s Surplus and Producer’s Surplus 3. Externalities 4. The Production Possibilities Frontier 5. Law of Increasing Opportunity Cost 6. Economic Efficiency 7. Economic Growth 8. Economic Systems 9. Capitalist Vision 10. Socialist Vision 11. Three Economic Questions 12. Appendix: A Movement Along a Curve versus a Shift in a Curve 13. Questions for Chapter 2 14. Answers for Chapter 2 Chapter 3: Demand, Supply, and Equilibrium 1. Demand 2. Law of Demand 3. Substitution Effect 4. Income Effect 5. Demand Schedule and Demand Curve 6. Determinants of Demand 7. Change in Demand versus Change in Quantity Demanded 8. Supply 9. Law of Supply 10. Determinant of Supply 11. Change in Supply versus Change in QuantiSupplied 12. Equilibrium: Putting Demand and Supply Together 13. Moving from Disequilibrium to Equilibrium 14. Free Markets and Economic Efficiency I 15. Free Markets and Economic Efficiency II 16. A Change in Equilibrium Price and Quantity 17. Price Controls 18. A Price Ceiling 19. A Price Floor 20. Price Controls and Economic Inefficiency 21. Questions for Chapter 3 22. Answers for Chapter 3 Chapter 4: Inflation and Unemployment 1. Three Macroeconomic Goals 2. Inflation 3. The Price Level, Money, and Production 4. Consumer Price Index 5. Computing the Rate of Inflation 6. Consumer Price Index Table 7. Adjusting Nominal Values to Real Values 8. Unemployment 9. Full Employment 10. Measuring Unemployment 11. Types of Unemployment 12. Frictional Unemployment 13. Structural Unemployment 14. Natural Unemployment Rate 15. Cyclical Unemployment 16. Appendix: Economic Growth and Job Destruction 17. Appendix: Female Labor Force Participation 18. Questions for Chapter 4 19. Answers for Chapter 4 Chapter 5: Measuring Total Output: GDP 1. Gross Domestic Product 2. Exclusions From GDP 3. Two Measures of Total Output 4. Per Capita Output 5. Per Capita Personal Income - 2004 6. Real GDP 7. Historical Data on Nominal and Real GDP 8. The Business Cycle 9. Appendix: The Three Economic Goals and the U.S. Economy 10. Appendix: Circular Flow Diagram 11. Questions for Chapter 5 12. Answers for Chapter 5 Chapter 6: The Aggregate Market 1. Aggregate Demand 2. Shifts in the Aggregate Demand Curve 3. Aggregate Supply 4. Shifts in the SRAS Curve 5. Short-Run Equilibrium: Putting AD and SRAS Together 6. Changes in AD and SRAS 7. Appendix: Why the Aggregate Demand Curve Slopes Downward 8. Appendix: Why the Short-Run Aggregate Supply Curve Slopes Upward 9. Questions for Chapter 6 10. Answers for Chapter 6 Chapter 7: Classical Economic Theory 1. Adam Smith 2. The Ideal Quantity of Total Output 3. The Self-Regulating Economy 4. Marx’s Criticism of Classical Theory 5. Say’s Law 6. Say’s Law, Savings, and Flexible Interest Rates 7. Say’s Law and Flexible Wages and Prices 8. Natural Real GDP 9. A Recessionary Gap 10. An Inflationary Gap 11. Long-Run Equilibrium 12. Automatically Closing a Recessionary Gap 13. Automatically Closing an Inflationary Gap 14. Long-Run Aggregate Supply 15. Laissez-faire 16. Questions for Chapter 7 17. Answers for Chapter 7 Chapter 8: Keynesian Economic Theory 1. John Maynard Keynes 2. Keynesian Theory and Say’s Law 3. Keynesian Theory and Closing a Recessionary Gap 4. Consumption 5. Marginal Propensity to Consume 6. The 45° Angle Line 7. The Total Expenditures Curve 8. Equilibrium Real GDP 9. Equilibrium Real GDP and the 45° Angle Line 10. A Change in Total Expenditures 11. Formula for Change in Real GDP 12. The Multiplier 13. Questions for Chapter 8 14. Answers for Chapter 8 Chapter 9: Fiscal Policy 1. Keynesian Fiscal Policy 2. Keynesian Fiscal Policy Theory and a Recessionary Gap 3. Keynesian Fiscal Policy Theory and an Inflationary Gap 4. Automatic Stabilizers 5. Potential Problems with Fiscal Policy 6. Supply-side Fiscal Policy 7. The Laffer Curve 8. Supply-side Tax Cuts 9. Appendix: History of the Federal Government’s Budget 10. Questions for Chapter 9 11. Answers for Chapter 9 Chapter 10: Money and Money Creation 1. Money 2. Barter 3. Functions of Money 4. Why Money is Valuable 5. Measuring the Money Supply 6. Checks and Credit Cards 7. Money Creation 8. Required Reserves 9. Reserves 10. Excess Reserves 11. A Simplified Balance Sheet 12. U.S. Government Securities 13. Potential Deposit Multiplier 14. Questions for Chapter 10 15. Answers for Chapter 10 Chapter 11: The Federal Reserve System and Inflation 1. The U.S. Central Bank 2. Functions of the Federal Reserve System 3. Monetary Base and the Money Supply 4. The Actual Money Multiplier 5. Tools for Controlling the Money Supply 6. Open Market Operations 7. Changing the Reserve Requirement 8. Changing the Discount Rate 9. Inflation 10. Effects of Inflation 11. Appendix: The Independence of the Federal Reserve System 12. Appendix: Recent Fed Monetary Policy 13. Questions for Chapter 11 14. Answers for Chapter 11 Chapter 12: Monetary Policy 1. Classical Monetary Theory 2. Velocity of Money 3. Monetarism 4. Keynesian Monetary Theory 5. Failure of the Keynesian Monetary Transmission Mechanism 6. Monetarist Transmission Mechanism 7. Monetary Policy and Closing Gaps 8. Keynesian Theory and the Proper Policies 9. Monetarist Theory and the Proper Policies 10. Appendix: The Great Depression 11. Keynesian Theory of the Great Depression 12. Classical Theory of the Great Depression 13. Questions for Chapter 12 14. Answers for Chapter 12 Chapter 13: Taxes, Deficits, and the National Debt 1. Classifications of Taxes 2. Major Federal Taxes 3. History of the Federal Personal Income Tax 4. Characteristics of a Good Tax 5. Excess Burden 6. Is the Federal Personal Income Tax a Good Tax? 7. What Would Make the Federal Personal Income Tax a Better Tax? 8. The Burden of the Federal Personal Income Tax 9. Major Federal Spending Programs 10. Deficits and the National Debt 11. The Burden of Deficit Spending 12. Questions for Chapter 13 13. Answers for Chapter 13 Chapter 14: Economic Growth 1. Absolute Economic Growth 2. Per Capita Economic Growth 3. Economic Growth in the U.S. 4. Determinants of Economic Growth 5. Governmental Policies and Economic Growth 6. Industrial Policy 7. Theories of Economic Growth 8. Classical Growth Theory 9. Neoclassical Growth Theory 10. New Growth Theory 11. Appendix: New Ideas and Central Planning 12. Appendix: Worries about Future Economic Growth 13. Questions for Chapter 14 14. Answers for Chapter 14 Chapter 15: Less Developed Countries 1. Developed Countries versus Less Developed Countries 2. Common Hardships for LDCs 3. Economic Growth and the Rule of 70 4. The Importance of Economic Growth Rates 5. Economic Freedom and Economic Growth 6. Obstacles to Economic Development 7. Counterproductive Governmental Policies 8. Appendix: Per Capita GDP for Selected Countries 9. Appendix: “The Power of Productivity” 10. Questions for Chapter 15 11. Answers for Chapter 15 Chapter 16: International Trade 1. Some International Trade Facts 2. Why Nations Trade 3. Comparative Advantage Example 4. Trade Restrictions 5. The Effects of a Quota of Zero 6. Gain to Domestic Producers 7. Loss to Domestic Consumers 8. The Politics of Trade Restrictions 9. Arguments for Trade Restrictions 10. The Movement toward Freer Trade 11. Appendix: Comparative Advantage versus Absolute Advantage 12. Appendix: Exchange Rates 13. Questions for Chapter 16 14. Answers for Chapter 16 Chapter 17: Elasticity 1. Elasticity 2. Price Elasticity of Demand 3. Two Extreme Examples 4. Computing Price Elasticity of Demand 5. Price Elasticity of Demand Classifications 6. Price Elasticity of Demand and Total Revenue 7. Determinants of Price Elasticity of Demand 8. Income Elasticity of Demand 9. Normal Goods and Inferior Goods 10. Cross Elasticity of Demand 11. Substitutes and Complements 12. Price Elasticity of Supply 13. The Burden of a Tax and Price Elasticity 14. Questions for Chapter 17 15. Answers for Chapter 17 Chapter 18: Utility 1. Utility 2. Utility is a Subjective Measurement 3. Marginal Utility 4. Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility 5. Diminishing Marginal Utility and Income Distribution 6. Diamond-Water Paradox 7. Utility Maximization 8. Utility Maximization Rules 9. Providing Essential Goods Free of Charge 10. Efficiency: Equating Marginal Benefit and Marginal Cost 11. Appendix: Consumer Behavior, Indifference Curves and Budget Constraints 12. Questions for Chapter 18 13. Answers for Chapter 18 Chapter 19: The Firm 1. Firms and Efficiency 2. Firms and Reduced Transaction Costs 3. Firms and Team Production 4. Shirking in Team Production 5. The Principal-Agent Problem 6. Business Firms 7. The Chief Goal of Business Firms 8. Legal Types of Business Firms 9. Financing Business Activity 10. The Balance Sheet of a Business Firm 11. Nonprofit Firms 12. Questions for Chapter 19 13. Answers for Chapter 19 Chapter 20: Production and Costs 1. Explicit Costs versus Implicit Costs 2. Accounting Profit versus Economic Profit 3. Sunk Cost 4. Short Run Production versus Long Run Production 5. Marginal Physical Product 6. Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns 7. Diminishing Marginal Returns and Marginal Cost 8. Fixed Costs versus Variable Costs 9. Total Cost 10. Average Costs of Production 11. Cost Curves Graph 12. Appendix: Total Revenue, Total Cost, and Break-Even 13. Questions for Chapter 20 14. Answers for Chapter 20 Chapter 21: Perfect Competition 1. Market Structure and Market Power 2. The Key Characteristic of Perfect Competition 3. The Demand Curve for a Perfect Competitor 4. Profit-Maximization 5. Shutdown Point 6. The Supply Curve for a Perfect Competitor 7. Perfect Competition in the Long Run 8. Perfect Competition and Economic Efficiency 9. Perfect Competition’s Happy Coincidence 10. Perfect Competition and Individual Freedom 11. Appendix: Economic Profit and Loss 12. Appendix: Perfect Competition in the Long Run 13. Questions for Chapter 21 14. Answers for Chapter 21 Chapter 22: Monopoly 1. Monopoly and Market Power 2. Monopoly and Barriers to Entry 3. Demand and Marginal Revenue for a Monopoly 4. Demand Curve and MR Curve for a Monopoly 5. Profit-Maximization 6. Comparing Monopoly to Perfect Competition 7. The Economic Inefficiency of Monopoly 8. Rent Seeking 9. Other Problems with Monopoly 10. Price Discrimination 11. Appendix: Comparing Monopoly to Perfect Competition; Profit 12. Questions for Chapter 22 13. Answers for Chapter 22 Chapter 23: Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly 1. Monopolistic Competition 2. Product Differentiation 3. Demand and Marginal Revenue for a Monopolistic Competitor 4. Profit-Maximization for a Monopolistic Competitor 5. Comparing Monopolistic Competition to Perfect Competition 6. The Economic Inefficiency of Monopolistic Competition 7. Monopolistic Competition and Profits in the Long Run 8. Oligopoly 9. Theories of Oligopoly Behavior 10. The Economic Inefficiency of Oligopoly 11. Appendix: Game theory 12. Questions for Chapter 23 13. Answers for Chapter 23 Chapter 24: Factor Markets 1. Demand for a Factor 2. Marginal Revenue Product 3. Marginal Factor Cost 4. Profit-Maximization Rule for Employing Factors 5. Demand Curve for a Factor 6. Determinants of Factor Demand 7. Value of the Marginal Product 8. Cost-Minimizing Combination of Factors 9. Elasticity of Demand for Labor 10. Labor Supply Curve for a Perfectly Competitive Employer 11. Labor Supply Curve in a Particular Labor Market 12. Determinants of Labor Supply 13. Differences in Wage Rates 14. Screening Devices 15. Questions for Chapter 24 16. Answers for Chapter 24 Chapter 25: Labor Unions 1. Types of Labor Unions 2. Demand Curve for a Union 3. Union Goals 4. Right-to-work Laws 5. Collective Bargaining 6. Monopsony 7. Profit-Maximization for a Monopsony 8. The Union and the Monopsony 9. Unions and Wages 10. Unions and Productivity 11 Questions for Chapter 25 12. Answers for Chapter 25 Chapter 26: Interest, Present Value, Rent, and Profit 1. The Loanable Funds Market 2. Supply of Loanable Funds 3. Private Demand for Loanable Funds 4. Changes in the Demand for Loanable Funds 5. Interest Rates Vary 6. Real Interest Rate 7. Present Value 8. Economic Rent 9. Economic Profit 10. Profit as a Signal 11. Appendix: Present Value Table 12. Questions for Chapter 26 13. Answers for Chapter 26 Chapter 27: Market Failure 1. Economic Efficiency Rule 2. Externalities 3. Private Market Equilibrium 4. External Benefit 5. External Cost 6. Controlling Externalities 7. Internalizing Externalities 8. Government Regulation of Externalities 9. Pollution Control 10. Public Goods 11. Other Causes of Market Failure 12. Questions for Chapter 27 13. Answers for Chapter 27 Chapter 28: Public Choice and Government Failure 1. Government Failure 2. Voters 3. Low Voter Turnover 4. Rational Ignorance 5. Candidates and the Median Voter Model 6. Elected Officials 7. Elected Officials and Short Run Focus 8. Elected Officials and Special-Interest Groups 9. The Influence of Special-Interest Groups 10. A Congressional District as a Special-Interest Group 11. Government Bureaus 12. Other Sources of Government Failure 13. Questions for Chapter 28 14. Answers for Chapter 28 Chapter 29: Government Regulation of Business 1. Attributes of Private Markets 2. Government Regulation of Natural Monopoly 3. Deadweight Loss of Unregulated Natural Monopoly 4. Problems with Regulating Natural Monopoly 5. Public Interest Theory of Regulation 6. Capture Theory of Regulation 7. Public Choice Theory of Regulation 8. Costs of Regulations 9. Deregulation 10. Appendix: Antitrust Law 11. Questions for Chapter 29 12. Answers for Chapter 29 Chapter 30: Agriculture 1. Resources Devoted to Agriculture 2. Good News about U.S. Agriculture 3. The Long Run Problem for Farmers 4. The Short Run Problem for Farmers 5. Traditional Farm Policies 6. The FAIR Act of 1996 7. The Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 8. Appendix: Some Comments on the Government’s Agricultural Policies 9. Questions for Chapter 30 10. Answers for Chapter 30 Chapter 31: The Distribution of Income and Poverty 1. Some Income Distribution Facts 2. Economic Mobility 3. The Lorenz Curve 4. Overstating the Degree of Income Inequality 5. Distribution of Wealth 6. Overstating the Inequality in Wealth Distribution 7. Causes of Continuing Income Inequality 8. Standards of Income Distribution 9. Income Redistribution 10. Ideal Income Redistribution 11. Actual Income Redistribution 12. Negative Income Tax 13. Poverty 14. Poverty and Economic Mobility 15. Appendix: Four Keys to Achieving Financial Security 16. Questions for Chapter 31 17. Answers for Chapter 31
504			_aIncludes Index
650		0	_aEconomics.
906			_a7 _bcbc _corignew _d3 _eocip _f19 _gy-gencatlg
942			_2ddc _cBOOK-CA _e3rd edition _h330 _i1 _kHOL _m330 HOL
999			_c6316 _d6316