000 23596cam a22003014a 4500
003 OSt
005 20240221080037.0
008 100318s2011 nyua 001 0 eng
020 _a9780073378107 (hard copy : alk. paper)
020 _a0073378100 (hard copy : alk. paper)
040 _aBUL
_cBUL
_dBUL
_beng
_erda
082 _aQT 104 W641v 2008
100 1 _aWidmaier, Eric P.
245 1 0 _aVander's human physiology :
_bthe mechanisms of body function.
246 3 0 _aHuman physiology
250 _a12th ed. /
_bEric P. Widmaier, Hershel Raff, Kevin T. Strang.
260 _aNew York :
_bMcGraw-Hill,
_cc2011.
300 _a1 v. (various pagings) :
_bcol. ill. ;
_c29 cm.
504 _aIncludes index.
505 _aContents Chapter. 1 Homeostasis: A Framework for Human Physiology 1.1. The Scope of Human Physiology 1.2. How Is the Body Organized? Muscle Cells and Tissue Neurons and Nervous Tissue Epithelial Cells and Epithelial Tissue Connective-Tissue Cells and Connective Tissue Organs and Organ Systems 1.3. Body Fluid Compartments 1.4. Homeostasis: A Defining Feature of Physiology 1.5. General Characteristics of Homeostatic Control Systems Feedback Systems Resetting of Set Points Feedforward Regulation 1.6. Components of Homeostatic Control Systems Reflexes Local Homeostatic Responses 1.7. Intercellular Chemical Messengers 1.8. Processes Related to Homeostasis Adaptation and Acclimatization Biological Rhythms Balance in the Homeostasis of Chemical Substances in the Body Chapter. 1 Clinical Case Study Test Questions Quantitative and Thought Questions Answers to Physiological Inquiries Chapter. 2 Chemical Composition of the Body. 2.1. Atoms Components of Atoms Atomic Number Atomic Weight Ions Atomic Composition of the Body 2.2. Molecules Covalent Chemical Bonds Hydrogen Bonds Molecular Shape Ionic Molecules Free Radicals 2.3. Solutions Water Molecular Solubility Concentration Hydrogen Ions and Acidity 2.4. Classes of Organic Molecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids ATP Chapter. 2 Clinical Case Study Test Questions Answers to Physiological Inquiries Chapter. 3 Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolism Section A Cell Structure 3A.1. Microscopic Observations of Cells 3A.2. Membranes Membrane Structure Membrane Junctions 3A.3. Cell Organelles Nucleus Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Endosomes Mitochondria Lysosomes Peroxisomes Vaults Cytoskeleton Section B Proteins 3B.1. Genetic Code 3B.2. Protein Synthesis Transcription: mRNA Synthesis Translation: Polypeptide Synthesis Regulation of Protein Synthesis Mutation. 3B.3. Protein Degradation 3B.4. Protein Secretion Section C Protein-Binding Sites 3C.1. Binding Site Characteristics Chemical Specificity Affinity Saturation Competition 3C.2. Regulation of Binding Site Characteristics Allosteric Modulation Covalent Modulation Section D Enzymes and Chemical Energy 3D.1. Chemical Reactions Determinants of Reaction Rates Reversible and Irreversible Reactions Law of Mass Action 3D.2. Enzymes Cofactors 3D.3. Regulation of Enzyme-Mediated Reactions Substrate Concentration Enzyme Concentration Enzyme Activity 3D.4. Multienzyme Reactions Section E Metabolic Pathways 3E.1. Cellular Energy Transfer Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation 3E.2. Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Metabolism Carbohydrate Metabolism Fat Metabolism Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism Metabolism Summary 3E.3. Essential Nutrients Vitamins Chapter. 3 Clinical Case Study Test Questions Quantitative and Thought Questions Answers to Physiological Inquiries. Chapter. 4 Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes 4.1. Diffusion Magnitude and Direction of Diffusion Diffusion Rate Versus Distance Diffusion Through Membranes 4.2. Mediated-Transport Systems Facilitated Diffusion Active Transport 4.3. Osmosis Extracellular Osmolarity and Cell Volume 4.4. Endocytosis and Exocytosis Endocytosis Exocytosis 4.5. Epithelial Transport Chapter. 4 Clinical Case Study Test Questions Quantitative and Thought Questions Answers to Physiological Inquiries Chapter. 5 Control of Cells by Chemical Messengers 5.1. Receptors Regulation of Receptors 5.2. Signal Transduction Pathways Pathways Initiated by Lipid-Soluble Messengers Pathways Initiated by Water-Soluble Messengers Plasma Membrane Receptors and Gene Transcription Cessation of Activity in Signal Transduction Pathways Chapter. 5 Clinical Case Study Test Questions Quantitative and Thought Questions Answers to Physiological Inquiries Chapter. 6 Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the Nervous System Section A Neural Tissue. 6A.1. Structure and Maintenance of Neurons 6A.2. Functional Classes of Neurons 6A.3. Glial Cells 6A.4. Neural Growth and Regeneration Section B Membrane Potentials 6B.1. Basic Principles of Electricity 6B.2. The Resting Membrane Potential 6B.3. Graded Potentials and Action Potentials Graded Potentials Action Potentials Section C Synapses 6C.1. Functional Anatomy of Synapses 6C.2. Mechanisms of Neurotransmitter Release 6C.3. Activation of the Postsynaptic Cell Excitatory Chemical Synapses Inhibitory Chemical Synapses 6C.4. Synaptic Integration 6C.5. Synaptic Strength Modification of Synaptic Transmission by Drugs and Disease 6C.6. Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators Acetylcholine Biogenic Amines Amino Acid Neurotransmitters Neuropeptides Gases Purines 6C.7. Neuroeffector Communication Section D Structure of the Nervous System 6D.1. Central Nervous System: Brain Forebrain Cerebellum Brainstem 6D.2. Central Nervous System: Spinal Cord. 6D.3. Peripheral Nervous System 6D.4. Autonomic Nervous System 6D.5. Blood Supply, Blood-Brain Barrier, and Cerebrospinal Fluid Chapter. 6 Clinical Case Study Test Questions Quantitative and Thought Questions Answers to Physiological Inquiries Chapter. 7 Sensory Physiology Section A General Principles 7A.1. Sensory Receptors The Receptor Potential 7A.2. Primary Sensory Coding Stimulus Type Stimulus Intensity Stimulus Location Central Control of Afferent Information 7A.3. Ascending Neural Pathways in Sensory Systems 7A.4. Association Cortex and Perceptual Processing Factors That Affect Perception Section B Specific Sensory Systems 7B.1. Somatic Sensation Touch and Pressure Sense of Posture and Movement Temperature Pain Neural Pathways of the Somatosensory System 7B.2. Vision Light Overview of Eye Anatomy The Optics of Vision Photoreceptor Cells and Phototransduction Neural Pathways of Vision Color Vision Color Blindness Eye Movement. 7B.3. Hearing Sound Sound Transmission in the Ear Hair Cells of the Organ of Corti Neural Pathways in Hearing 7B.4. Vestibular System The Semicircular Canals The Utricle and Saccule Vestibular Information and Pathways 7B.5. Chemical Senses Taste Smell Chapter. 7 Clinical Case Study Test Questions Quantitative and Thought Questions Answers to Physiological Inquiries Chapter. 8 Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior 8.1. States of Consciousness Electroencephalogram The Waking State Sleep Neural Substrates of States of Consciousness Coma and Brain Death 8.2. Conscious Experiences Selective Attention Neural Mechanisms of Conscious Experiences 8.3. Motivation and Emotion Motivation Emotion 8.4. Altered States of Consciousness Schizophrenia The Mood Disorders: Depressions and Bipolar Disorders Psychoactive Substances, Dependences, and Tolerance 8.5. Learning and Memory Memory The Neural Basis of Learning and Memory 8.6. Cerebral Dominance and Language. Chapter. 8 Clinical Case Study Test Questions Quantitative and Thought Questions Answers to Physiological Inquiries Chapter. 9 Muscle Section A Skeletal Muscle 9A.1. Structure 9A.2. Molecular Mechanisms of Skeletal Muscle Contraction Sliding-Filament Mechanism Roles of Troponin, Tropomyosin, and Ca2+ in Contraction Excitation-Contraction Coupling Membrane Excitation: The Neuromuscular Junction 9A.3. Mechanics of Single-Fiber Contraction Twitch Contractions Load-Velocity Relation Frequency-Tension Relation Length-Tension Relation 9A.4. Skeletal Muscle Energy Metabolism Muscle Fatigue 9A.5. Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 9A.6. Whole-Muscle Contraction Control of Muscle Tension Control of Shortening Velocity Muscle Adaptation to Exercise Lever Action of Muscles and Bones 9A.7. Skeletal Muscle Disorders Muscle Cramps Hypocalcemic Tetany Muscular Dystrophy Myasthenia Gravis Section B Smooth and Cardiac Muscle 9B.1. Structure of Smooth Muscle. 9B.2. Smooth Muscle Contraction and Its Control Cross-Bridge Activation Sources of Cytosolic Ca2+ Membrane Activation Types of Smooth Muscle 9B.3. Cardiac Muscle Cellular Structure of Cardiac Muscle Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Cardiac Muscle Chapter. 9 Clinical Case Study Test Questions Quantitative and Thought Questions Answers to Physiological Inquiries Chapter. 10 Control of Body Movement 10.1. Motor Control Hierarchy Voluntary and Involuntary Actions 10.2. Local Control of Motor Neurons Interneurons Local Afferent Input 10.3. The Brain Motor Centers and the Descending Pathways They Control Cerebral Cortex Subcortical and Brainstem Nuclei Cerebellum Descending Pathways. Note continued: 10.4. Muscle Tone Abnormal Muscle Tone 10.5. Maintenance of Upright Posture and Balance 10.6. Walking Chapter. 10 Clinical Case Study Test Questions Quantitative and Thought Questions Answers to Physiological Inquiries Chapter. 11 The Endocrine System Section A Principles of Hormonal Control Systems 11A.1. Hormone Structures and Synthesis Amine Hormones Peptide and Protein Hormones Steroid Hormones 11A.2. Hormone Transport in the Blood 11A.3. Hormone Metabolism and Excretion 11A.4. Mechanisms of Hormone Action Hormone Receptors Events Elicited by Hormone-Receptor Binding Pharmacological Effects of Hormones 11A.5. Inputs That Control Hormone Secretion Control by Plasma Concentrations of Mineral Ions or Organic Nutrients Control by Neurons Control by Other Hormones 11A.6. Types of Endocrine Disorders Hyposecretion Hypersecretion Hyporesponsiveness and Hyperresponsiveness. Section B The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 11B.1. Control Systems Involving the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Posterior Pituitary Gland Hormones Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones and the Hypothalamus Section C The Thyroid Gland 11C.1. Synthesis of Thyroid Hormones 11C.2. Control of Thyroid Function 11C.3. Actions of Thyroid Hormones Metabolic Actions Permissive Actions Growth and Development 11C.4. Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism Section D The Endocrine Response to Stress 11D.1. Physiological Functions of Cortisol 11D.2. Functions of Cortisol in Stress 11D.3. Adrenal Insufficiency and Cushing's Syndrome 11D.4. Other Hormones Released During Stress 11D.5. Psychological Stress and Disease Section E Endocrine Control of Growth 11E.1. Bone Growth 11E.2. Environmental Factors Influencing Growth 11E.3. Hormonal Influences on Growth Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factors Thyroid Hormones Insulin Sex Hormones Cortisol Section F Endocrine Control of Ca2+ Homeostasis. 11F.1. Effector Sites for Ca2+ Homeostasis Bone Kidneys Gastrointestinal Tract 11F.2. Hormonal Controls Parathyroid Hormone 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Calcitonin 11F.3. Metabolic Bone Diseases Hypercalcemia Hypocalcemia Chapter. 11 Clinical Case Study Test Questions Quantitative and Thought Questions Answers to Physiological Inquiries Chapter. 12 Cardiovascular Physiology Section A Overall Design of the Circulatory System 12A.1. System Overview 12A.2. Pressure, Flow, and Resistance Section B The Heart 12B.1. Anatomy Cardiac Muscle 12B.2. Heartbeat Coordination Sequence of Excitation Cardiac Action Potentials and Excitation of the SA Node The Electrocardiogram Excitation-Contraction Coupling Refractory Period of the Heart 12B.3. Mechanical Events of the Cardiac Cycle Mid-Diastole to Late Diastole Systole Early Diastole Pulmonary Circulation Pressures Heart Sounds 12B.4. The Cardiac Output Control of Heart Rate Control of Stroke Volume 12B.5. Measurement of Cardiac Function. Section C The Vascular System 12C.1. Arteries Arterial Blood Pressure Measurement of Systemic Arterial Pressure 12C.2. Arterioles Local Controls Extrinsic Controls Endothelial Cells and Vascular Smooth Muscle Arteriolar Control in Specific Organs 12C.3. Capillaries Anatomy of the Capillary Network Velocity of Capillary Blood Flow Diffusion Across the Capillary Wall: Exchanges of Nutrients and Metabolic End Products Bulk Flow Across the Capillary Wall: Distribution of the Extracellular Fluid 12C.4. Veins Determinants of Venous Pressure 12C.5. The Lymphatic System Mechanism of Lymph Flow Section D Integration of Cardiovascular Function: Regulation of Systemic Arterial Pressure 12D.1. Baroreceptor Reflexes Arterial Baroreceptors The Medullary Cardiovascular Center Operation of the Arterial Baroreceptor Reflex Other Baroreceptors 12D.2. Blood Volume and Long-Term Regulation of Arterial Pressure 12D.3. Other Cardiovascular Reflexes and Responses Section E Cardiovascular Patterns in Health and Disease. 12E.1. Hemorrhage and Other Causes of Hypotension Shock 12E.2. The Upright Posture 12E.3. Exercise Maximal Oxygen Consumption and Training 12E.4. Hypertension 12E.5. Heart Failure 12E.6. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 12E.7. Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Attacks Section F Blood and Hemostasis 12F.1. Plasma 12F.2. The Blood Cells Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets Regulation of Blood Cell Production 12F.3. Hemostasis: The Prevention of Blood Loss Formation of a Platelet Plug Blood Coagulation: Clot Formation Anticlotting Systems Anticlotting Drugs Chapter. 12 Clinical Case Study Test Questions Quantitative and Thought Questions Answers to Physiological Inquiries Chapter. 13 Respiratory Physiology 13.1. Organization of the Respiratory System The Airways and Blood Vessels Site of Gas Exchange: The Alveoli Relation of the Lungs to the Thoracic (Chest) Wall 13.2. Ventilation and Lung Mechanics How is a Stable Balance Achieved Between Breaths? Inspiration Expiration Lung Compliance Airway Resistance Lung Volumes and Capacities Alveolar Ventilation. 13.3. Exchange of Gases in Alveoli and Tissues Partial Pressures of Gases Alveolar Gas Pressures Gas Exchange Between Alveoli and Blood Matching of Ventilation and Blood Flow in Alveoli Gas Exchange Between Tissues and Blood 13.4. Transport of Oxygen in Blood What is the Effect of Po2 on Hemoglobin Saturation? Effects of Blood Pco2' H+ Concentration, Temperature, and DPG Concentration on Hemoglobin Saturation 13.5. Transport of Carbon Dioxide in Blood 13.6. Transport of Hydrogen Ion Between Tissues and Lungs 13.7. Control of Respiration Neural Generation of Rhythmic Breathing Control of Ventilation by Po2' Pco2, and H+ Concentration Control of Ventilation During Exercise Other Ventilatory Responses 13.8. Hypoxia Why Do Ventilation-Perfusion Abnormalities Affect O2 More Than CO2? Emphysema Acclimatization to High Altitude 13.9. Nonrespiratory Functions of the Lungs Chapter. 13 Clinical Cast Study Test Questions Quantitative and Thought Questions Answers to Physiological Inquiries Chapter. 14 The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions Section A Basic Principles of Renal Physiology. 14A.1. Renal Functions 14A.2. Structure of the Kidneys and Urinary System 14A.3. Basic Renal Processes Glomerular Filtration Tubular Reabsorption Tubular Secretion Metabolism by the Tubules Regulation of Membrane Channels and Transporters "Division of Labor" in the Tubules 14A.4. The Concept of Renal Clearance 14A.5. Micturition Incontinence Section B Regulation of Ion and Water Balance 14B.1. Total-Body Balance of Sodium and Water 14B.2. Basic Renal Processes for Sodium and Water Primary Active Na+ Reabsorption Coupling of Water Reabsorption to Na+ Resbsorption Urine Concentration: The Countercurrent Multiplier System 14B.3. Renal Sodium Regulation Control of GFR Control of Na+ Reabsorption 14B.4. Renal Water Regulation Osmoreceptor Control of Vasopressin Secretion Baroreceptor Control of Vasopressin Secretion 14B.5. A Summary Example: The Response to Sweating 14B.6. Thirst and Salt Appetite 14B.7. Potassium Regulation Renal Regulation of K+ 14B.8. Renal Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Ion. 14B.9. Summary Division of Labor 14B.10. Diuretics Section C Hydrogen Ion Regulation 14C.1. Sources of Hydrogen Ion Gain or Loss 14C.2. Buffering of Hydrogen Ion in the Body 14C.3. Integration of Homeostatic Controls 14C.4. Renal Mechanisms HCO3 Handling Addition of New HCO3 to the Plasma Renal Responses to Acidosis and Alkalosis 14C.5. Classification of Acidosis and Alkalosis Chapter. 14 Clinical Case Study -- Hemodialysis, Peritoneal Dialysis, and Transplantation Test Questions Quantitative and Thought Questions Answers to Physiological Inquiries Chapter. 15 The Digestion and Absorption of Food 15.1. Overview: Functions of the Gastrointestinal Organs 15.2. Structure of the Gastrointestinal Tract Wall 15.3. Digestion and Absorption Carbohydrate Protein Fats Vitamins Water and Minerals 15.4. How Are Gastrointestinal Processes Regulated? Basic Principles Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus Stomach Pancreatic Secretions Bile Secretion and Liver Function Small Intestine Large Intestine. 15.5. Pathophysiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract Ulcers Vomiting Gallstones Lactose Intolerance Constipation and Diarrhea Chapter. 15 Clinical Case Study Test Questions Quantitative and Thought Questions Answers to Physiological Inquiries Chapter. 16 Regulation of Organic Metabolism and Energy Balance Section A Control and Integration of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat Metabolism 16A.1. Events of the Absorptive and Postabsorptive States Absorptive State Postabsorptive State. Note continued: 16A.2. Endocrine and Neural Control of the Absorptive and Postabsorptive States Insulin Glucagon Epinephrine and Sympathetic Nerves to Liver and Adipose Tissue Cortisol Growth Hormone Summary of Hormonal Controls Hypoglycemia 16A.3. Energy Homeostasis in Exercise and Stress Section B Regulation of Total-Body Energy Balance and Temperature 16B.1. Basic Concepts of Energy Expenditure Metabolic Rate 16B.2. Regulation of Total-Body Energy Stores Control of Food Intake Overweight and Obesity Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa What Should We Eat? 16B.3. Regulation of Body Temperature Mechanisms of Heat Loss or Gain Temperature-Regulating Reflexes Temperature Acclimatization 16B.4. Fever and Hyperthermia Chapter. 16 Clinical Case Study Test Questions Quantitative and Thought Questions Answers to Physiological Inquiries. Chapter. 17 Reproduction Section A Overview of Terminology and General Principles Section B Gametogenesis, Sex Determination, and Sex Differentiation 17B.1. Gametogenesis 17B.2. Sex Determination 17B.3. Sex Differentiation Differentiation of the Gonads Differentiation of Internal and External Genitalia 17B.4. Sexual Differentiation of the Central Nervous System and Homosexuality Section C Male Reproductive Physiology 17C.1. Anatomy 17C.2. Spermatogenesis 17C.3. Transport of Sperm Erection Ejaculation 17C.4. Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Functions Control of the Testes Testosterone 17C.5. Puberty Secondary Sex Characteristics and Growth Behavior 17C.6. Hypogonadism 17C.7. Andropause Section D Female Reproductive Physiology 17D.1. Anatomy 17D.2. Ovarian Functions Oogenesis Follicle Growth Formation of the Corpus Luteum Sites of Synthesis of Ovarian Hormones. 17D.3. Control of Ovarian Function Follicle Development and Estrogen Synthesis During the Early and Middle Follicular Phases LH Surge and Ovulation The Luteal Phase 17D.4. Uterine Changes in the Menstrual Cycle 17D.5. Other Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone 17D.6. Androgens in Women 17D.7. Puberty 17D.8. Female Sexual Response 17D.9. Pregnancy Egg Transport Intercourse, Sperm Transport, and Capacitation Fertilization Early Development, Implantation, and Placentation Hormonal and Other Changes During Pregnancy Parturition Lactation Contraception Infertility 17D.10. Menopause Chapter. 17 Clinical Case Study Test Questions Quantitative and Thought Questions Answers to Physiological Inquiries Chapter. 18 The Immune System 18.1. Cells and Secretions Mediating Immune Defenses Immune Cells Cytokines 18.2. Innate Immune Responses Defenses at Body Surfaces Inflammation Interferons Toll-Like Receptors. 18.3. Adaptive Immune Responses Overview Lymphoid Organs and Lymphocyte Origins Functions of B Cells and T Cells Lymphocyte Receptors Antigen Presentation to T Cells NK Cells Development of Immune Tolerance Antibody-Mediated Immune Responses: Defenses Against Bacteria, Extracellular Viruses, and Toxins Defenses Against Virus-Infected Cells and Cancer Cells 18.4. Systemic Manifestations of Infection 18.5. Factors That Alter the Resistance to Infection Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Antibiotics 18.6. Harmful Immune Responses Graft Rejection Transfusion Reactions Allergy (Hypersensitivity) Autoimmune Disease Excessive Inflammatory Responses Chapter. 18 Clinical Case Study Test Questions Quantitative and Thought Questions Answers to Physiological Inquiries Chapter. 19 Medical Physiology: Integration Using Clinical Cases Case 19-1 A Woman with Palpitations and Heat Intolerance 19-1.1. Case Presentation -- 19-1.2. Physical Examination. 19-1.3. Laboratory Tests 19-1.4. Diagnosis 19-1.5. Physiological Integration 19-1.6. Therapy Case 19-2 A Man with Chest Pain After a Long Airplane Flight 19-2.1. Case Presentation 19-2.2. Physical Examination 19-2.3. Laboratory Tests 19-2.4. Diagnosis 19-2.5. Physiological Integration 19-2.6. Therapy Case 19-3 A Man with Abdominal Pain, Fever, and Circulatory Failure 19-3.1. Case Presentation 19-3.2. Physical Examination 19-3.3. Laboratory Tests 19-3.4. Diagnosis 19-3.5. Physiological Integration 19-3.6. Therapy Case 19-4 A College Student with Nausea, Flushing, and Sweating 19-4.1. Case Presentation 19-4.2. Physical Examination 19-4.3. Laboratory Tests 19-4.4. Diagnosis 19-4.5. Physiological Integration 19-4.6. Therapy.
650 0 _aHuman physiology
_vTextbooks.
700 1 _aRaff, Hershel,
_d1953-
700 1 _aStrang, Kevin T.
700 1 _aVander, Arthur J.,
_d1933-
_tHuman physiology.
906 _a7
_bcbc
_corignew
_d1
_eecip
_f20
_gy-gencatlg
942 _2ddc
_cBO
_e12th edition
_hQT 104
_i1
_kW641v 2008
_mQT 104 W641v 2008
999 _c11141
_d11141