Chemical engineering /
by J.M. Coulson and J.F. Richardson.
- 2nd ed. (SI units).
- Oxford ; New York : Pergamon Press, <1979-1994 >
- v. <3-4, 6 > : ill. ; 26 cm.
- Pergamon international library of science, technology, engineering, and social studies .
Contents
Professor /. M. Coulson xiii Preface to Sixth Edition xv Preface to Fifth Edition xvii Preface to Fourth Edition xix Preface to Third Edition xxi Preface to Second Edition xxiii Preface to First Edition xxv Acknowledgements xxvii
1. Units and Dimensions I .,1 Introduction I
1.2 Systems of units 2 1.2.1 The centimetre-gram-second (cgs) system 2 1.2.2 The metre-kilogram-second 4 (inks system) and the Syst&me International d'Unites (SI)
.2.3 The foot-pound-second (fps) system 5 .2.4 The British engineering system 5 ,2,5 Non-coherent 6 system employing pound mass and pound force simultaneously .2.6 Derived units 6 .2.7 Thermal (heat) units 7 .2.8 Molar units 8 .2.9 Electrical units 8
1.3 Conversion of units 9 1.4 Dimensional analysis 12 1.5 Buckingham's Fl theorem 15 1.6 Redefinition of the length and mass dimensions 20 ] .6.1 Vector and scalar quantities 20 1.6.2 Quantity mass and inertia mass 21 1.7 Further reading 22 1.8 References 22 1.9 Nomenclature 22
Part 1 Fluid Flow 25 2. Flow of Fluids—Energy and Momentum Relationships 2? 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Internal energy 27 V
VI CONTENTS 2.3 Types of fluid 30 2.3.1 The incompressible fluid (liquid) 31 2.3.2 The ideal gas 31 2.3.3 The non-ideal gas 34
2.4 The fluid in motion 39 2.4.1 Continuity 39 2.4.2 Momentum changes in a fluid 41 2.4.3 Energy of a fluid in motion 44 2.4.4 Pressure and fluid head 46 2.4.5 Constant flow per unit area 47 2.4.6 Separation 47 2.5 Pressure-volume relationships 48 2.5.1 Incompressible fluids 48 2.5.2 Compressible fluids 48 2.6 Rotational or vortex motion in a fluid 50 2.6.1 The forced vortex 52 2.6.2 The free vortex 54
2.7 Further reading 55
2.8 References 56
2.9 Nomenclature 56
3. Flow of Liquids in Pipes and Open Channels 58 3.1 Introduction 58 3:2 The nature of fluid flow 59 3.2.1 Flow over a surface 60 3.2.2 Flow in a pipe 61 3.3 Newtonian fluids 62 3.3.1 Shearing characteristics of a Newtonian fluid 62 3.3.2 Pressure drop for flow of Newtonian liquids through a pipe 63 3.3.3 Reynolds number and shear stress 74 3.3.4 Velocity distributions and volumetric flowrates for streamline flow 75 3.3.5 The transition from laminar to turbulent flow in a pipe 82 3.3.6 Velocity distributions and volumetric flowrates for turbulent flow 83 3.3.7 Flow through curved pipes 87 3.3.8 Miscellaneous friction losses 87 3.3.9 Flow over banks of tubes 93 3.3.10 Flow with a free surface 94
3.4 Non-Newtonian Fluids 103 3.4.1 Steady-state shear-dependent behaviour 105 3.4.2 Time-dependent behaviour 113 3.4.3 Viscoelastic behaviour 114 3.4.4 Characterisation of non-Newtonian fluids 118 3.4.5 Dimensionless characterisation of viscoelastic flows 120 3.4.6 Relation between rheology and structure of material 120 3.4.7 Streamline flow in pipes and channels of regular geometry 121 3.4.8 Turbulent flow 136 3.4.9 The transition from laminar to turbulent flow 138
3.5 Further reading 138
3.6 References 139
3.7 N omenclature 140
4. Flow of Compressible Fluids 143 4. i introduction 143 4.2 Flow of gas through a nozzle or orifice 143 4.2.1 Isothermal flow 144 4.2.2 Non-isothermal flow 147 4.3 Velocity of propagation of a pressure wave 152
CONTENTS VI i 4.4 Con verging-diverging nozzles for gas flow 154 4.4.1 Maximum flow and critical pressure ratio 154 4.4.2 The pressure and area for flow 156 4.4.3 Effect of back-pressure on flow in nozzle 158
4.5 Flow in a pipe 158 4.5.1 Energy balance for flow of ideal gas 159 4.5.2 Isothermal flow of an ideal gas in a horizontal pipe 160 4.5.3 Non-isothermal flow of an ideal gas in a horizontal pipe 169 4.5.4 Adiabatic flow of an ideal gas in a horizontal pipe 170 4.5.5 Flow of non-ideal gases 174
4.6 Shock waves .174
4.7 Further reading 1.78 4.8 References 179
4.9 Nomenclature ! 79
5. Flow of Multiphase Mixtures 181 5.1 Introduction 38!
5.2 Two-phase gas (vapour)-liquid flow 182 5.2.1 Introduction 182 5.2.2 Flow regimes and flow patterns 183 5.2.3 Hold-up 186 5.2.4 Pressure, momentum, and energy relations 187 5.2.5 Erosion 194
6.3 Measurement of fluid flow 243 6.3.1 The pilot tube 244 6.3.2 Measurement by flow through a constriction 245 6.3.3 The orifice meter 248 6.3.4 The nozzle 254 6.3.5 The venturi meter 255 6.3.6 Pressure recovery in orifice-type meters 256 6.3.7 Variable area meters — rotameters 257 6.3.8 The notch or weir 261 6.3.9 Other methods of measuring flowrates 264
8.3 Pumping equipment for gases 344 8.3.1 Fans and rotary compressors 344 8.3.2 Centrifugal and turbocompressors 346 8.3.3 The reciprocating piston compressor 347 8.3.4 Power required for the compression of gases 347
8.4 The use of compressed air for pumping 358 8.4.1 The air-lift pump 358
8.5 Vacuum pumps 364
8.6 Power requirements for pumping through pipelines 367 8.6.1 Liquids 368 8.6.2 Gases 374
8.7 Further reading 376
8.8 References 376
8.9 Nomenclature 377 Part 2 Heat Transfer 379
9. Heat Transfer 381 9.1 Introduction 38 i
9.2 Basic considerations 381 9.2.1 Individual and overall coefficients of heat transfer 381 9.2.2 Mean temperature difference 384
CONTENTS IX
9.3 Heat transfer by conduction 387 9.3.1 Conduction through a plane wall 387 9.3.2 Thermal resistances in series 390 9.3.3 Conduction through a thick-walled tube 392 9.3.4 Conduction through a spherical shell and to a particle 392 9.3.5 Unsteady state conduction 394 9.3.6 Conduction with internal heat source 412
9.4 Heat transfer by convection 4.14 9.4.1 Natural and forced convection 414 9.4.2 Application of dimensional analysis to convection 4!5 9.4.3 Forced convection in tubes 417 9.4.4 Forced convection outside tubes 426 9.4.5 Flow in non-circular sections 433 9.4.6 Convection to spherical particles 434 9.4.7 Natural convection 435
9.5 Heat transfer by radiation 438 9.5.1 Introduction 438 9.5.2 Radiation from a black body 439 9.5.3 Radiation from real surfaces 441 9.5.4 Radiation transfer between black surfaces 447 9.5.5 Radiation transfer between grey surfaces 458 9.5.6 Radiation from gases 465
9.6 Heat transfer in the condensation of vapours 471 9.6.1 Film coefficients for vertical and inclined surfaces 471 9.6.2 Condensation on vertical and horizontal tubes 474 9.6.3 Dropwise condensation 476 9.6.4 Condensation of mixed vapours 478
9.7 Boiling liquids 482 9.7.1 Conditions for boiling 482 9.7.2 Types of boiling 484 9.7.3 Heat transfer coefficients and heat flux 486 9.7.4 Analysis based on bubble characteristics 490 9.7.5 Sub-cooled boiling 492 9.7.6 Design considerations 494
9.8 Heat transfer in reaction vessels 496 9.8. f Helical cooling coils 496 9.8.2 Jacketed vessels 499 9.8.3 Time required for heating or cooling 501
9.9 Shell and tube heat exchangers 503 9.9.1 General description 503 9.9.2 Basic components 506 9.9.3 Mean temperature difference in multipass exchangers 510 9.9.4 Film coefficients 517 9.9.5 Pressure drop in heat exchangers 523 9.9.6 Heat exchanger design 526 9.9.7 Heat exchanger performance 534 9.9.8 Transfer units ' 535
9.10 Other forms of equipment 540 9.10.1 Finned-tube units 540 9.10.2 Plate-type exchangers 548 9.10.3 Spiral heat exchangers 550 9.10.4 Compact heat exchangers 550 9.10.5 Scraped-surface heat exchangers 553
9.11 Thermal insulation 555 9.11.1 Heat losses through lagging 555 9.11.2 Economic thickness of lagging 557 9.11.3 Critical thickness of lagging 557
9.12 Further reading 56!
9.13 References ' 562.
9.14 Nomenclature 566
X CONTENTS
Part 3 Mass Transfer 571
10. Mass Transfer 573 10.1 Introduction 573
10.2 Diffusion in binary gas mixtures 575 10.2.1 Properties of binary mixtures 575 10.2.2 Equimolecular counterdiffusion 576 10.2.3 Mass transfer through a stationary second component 577 10.2.4 Diffusivities of gases and vapours 581 10.2.5 Mass transfer velocities 586 10.2.6 General case for gas-phase mass transfer 587 10.2.7 Diffusion as a mass flux 588 10.2.8 Thermal diffusion 589 10.2.9 Unsteady-state mass transfer 590
10.3 Multicomponent gas-phase systems 593 10.3.1 Molar flux in terms of effective diffusivity 593 10.3.2 Maxwell's law of diffusion 594
10.4 Diffusion in liquids 596 10.4.1 Liquid phase diffusivities 597
10.5 Mass transfer across a phase boundary 599 10.5.1 The two-film theory 600 10.5.2 The penetration theory 602 10.5.3 The film-penetration theory 6J4 10.5.4 Mass transfer to a sphere in a homogenous fluid 617 10.5.5 Other theories of mass transfer 618 10.5.6 Interfacial turbulence 618 10.5.7 Mass transfer coefficients 619 10.5.8 Countercurrent mass transfer and transfer units 621
10.6 Mass transfer and chemical reaction 626 10.6.1 Steady-state process 626 10.6.2 Unsteady-state process 631
10.7 Mass transfer and chemical reaction in a catalyst pellet 634 10.7.1 Flat platelets " 636 10.7.2 Spherical pellets 638 10.7.3 Other particle shapes 642 10.7.4 Mass transfer 644 and chemical reaction with a mass transfer resistance external to the pellet
10.8 Practical studies of mass transfer 646 10.8.1 The j-factor of Chilton and Colburn for flow in tubes 646 10.8.2 Mass transfer at plane surfaces 649 10.8.3 Effect of surface roughness and form drag 65i 10.8.4 Mass transfer from a fluid to the surface of particles 651
10.9 Further reading 654
10.10 References 655
10.11 Nomenclature 656 Part 4 Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer 661
11. The Boundary Layer 663 11.1 Introduction 663 11.2 The momentum equation 668 11.3 The streamline portion of the boundary layer 670 11.4 The turbulent boundary layer 675
11.4.1 The turbulent portion 675 11.4.2 The laminar sub-layer 677
11.5 Boundary layer theory applied to pipe flow 681 11.5.1 Entry conditions 681 11.5.2 Application of the boundary-layer theory 682
CONTENTS XI
11.6 The boundary layer for heat transfer 685 11.6.1 Introduction 685 11.6.2 The heat balance 685 i 1.6.3 Heat transfer for streamline flow over a plane surface — constant surface temperature 687
31.6,4 Heat transfer for streamline flow over a plane surface — constant surface heat flux 690
11.7 The boundary layer for mass transfer 691
11.8 Further reading 692
11.9 References 692
11.10 Nomenclature 692
12. Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer 694
12.1 Introduction 694
12.2 Transfer by molecular diffusion 696 12.2.1 Momentum transfer 696 12.2.2 Heat transfer 696 12.2.3 Mass transfer 696 12.2.4 Viscosity 697 12.2.5 Thermal conductivity 698 12.2.6 Diffusivity 699
12.3 Eddy transfer 700 12.3.1 The nature of turbulent flow 701 12.3.2 Mixing length and eddy kinematic viscosity 702
12.4 Universal velocity profile 706 12.4.1 The turbulent core 706 12.4.2 The laminar sub-layer 707 12.4.3 The buffer layer 707 12.4.4 Velocity profile for all regions 708 12.4.5 Velocity gradients 708 12.4.6 Laminar sub-layer and buffer layer thicknesses 709 12.4.7 Variation of eddy kinematic viscosity 7SO 12.4.8 Approximate form of velocity profile in turbulent region 711 12.4.9 Effect of curvature of pipe wall on shear stress 7 i 2
12.5 Friction factor for a smooth pipe 713
12.6 Effect of surface roughness on shear stress 715
12.7 Simultaneous momentum, heat and mass transfer 717
12.8 Reynolds analogy 720 12.8.1 Simple form of analogy between momentum, heat and mass transfer 720 12.8.2 Mass transfer with bulk flow 72,3 12.8.3 Taylor-Prandtl modification of Reynolds analogy for heat 725 transfer and mass transfer 12.8.4 Use of universal velocity profile in Reynolds analogy 727 12.8.5 Flow over a plane surface 729 12.8.6 Flow in a pipe 731
12.9 Further reading 735
12.10 References 735
12.11 Nomenclature 735
13. Humidification and Water Cooling 738 13.1 Introduction 738
13.2 Humidification terms 739 13.2.1 Definitions 739 13.2.2 Wet-bulb temperature 742 13.2.3 Adiabatic saturation temperature 743
13.3 Humidity data for the air-water system 746 13.3.1 Temperature-humidity chart 749 13.3.2 Enthalpy-humidity chart 751
XII CONTENTS
13.4 Determination of humidity 756
13.5 Humidification and dehumidification 759 13.5,1 Methods of increasing humidity 759 1.3.5.2 Dehumidification 76!
13.6 Water cooling 762 13.6.1 Cooling towers 762 13.6.2 Design of natural-draught towers 765 13.6.3 Height of packing for both natural and mechanical draught towers 767 13.6.4 Change in air condition 772 13.6.5 Temperature and humidity gradients in a water cooling tower 773 13.6.6 Evaluation of heat and mass transfer coefficients 774 13.6.7 Humidifying towers 778
13.7 Systems other than air-water 779
13.8 Further reading 785
13.9 References 786
13.10 Nomenclature 787
Appendix 789
A1. Tables of physical properties 790
A2. Steam tables 806
A3. Mathematical tables 815 Fold-out charts
Problems 825
Index 869 Vols. <4, 6 > lack series statement.
Includes bibliographies and indexes.
0080238181 (v. 3) 008023819X (pbk. : v. 3) 0080420826 (v. 4) 0080420834 (pbk. : v. 4) 0080418651 (v. 6) 008041866X (pbk. : v. 6)