Psychiatric mental health nursing : concepts of care in evidence-based practice /
Mary C. Townsend.
- 6th edition
- Philadelphia : F.A. Davis, c2009.
- xxix, 896 p. : col. ill. ; 28 cm. + 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Contents
UNIT ONE BASIC CONCEPTS IN PSYCHIATRIC/MENTAL HEALTH NURSING Chapter 1 The Concept of Stress Adaptation 2 STRESS AS A BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE 3 STRESS AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL EVENT 5 STRESS AS A TRANSACTION BETWEEN THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE ENVIRONMENT 5 Precipitating Event 5 The Individual's Perception of the Event 5 Predisposing Factors 6 STRESS MANAGEMENT 7 Adaptive Coping Strategies 7 SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS 8 REVIEW QUESTIONS 9
REFERENCES 10 CLASSICAL REFERENCES 10 Chapter 2 Mental Health/ Mental Illness: Historical and Theoretical Concepts 11 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF PSYCHIATRIC CARE 12
MENTAL HEALTH 13 MENTAL ILLNESS 14 PSYCHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION TO STRESS 15 Anxiety 15 Behavioral Adaptation Responses to Anxiety 17 Grief 20
MENTAL HEALTH/MENTAL ILLNESS CONTINUUM 22
THE DSM-IV-TR MULTIAXIAL EVALUATION SYSTEM 23 SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS 24 REVIEW QUESTIONS 25 REFERENCES 27 CLASSICAL REFERENCES 27
UNIT TWO FOUNDATIONS FOR PSYCHIATRIC/MENTAL HEALH NURSING Chapter 3 Theoretical Models of Personality Development 30 PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY 31 Structure of the Personality 31 Topography of the Mind 31 Dynamics of the Personality 32 Freud's Stages of Personality Development 32 Relevance of Psychoanalytic Theory to Nursing Practice 34 INTERPERSONAL THEORY 34 Sullivan's Stages of Personality Development 34 Relevance of Interpersonal Theory to Nursing Practice 35 THEORY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 35 Erikson's Stages of Personality Development 35 Relevance of Psychosocial Development Theory to Nursing Practice 38 THEORY OF OBJECT RELATIONS 38 Phase I: The Autistic Phase (Birth to 1 Month) 38 Phase II: The Symbiotic Phase (1 to 5 Months) 38 Phase III: Separation-Individuation (5 to 36 months) 39
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY 39 Stage 1: Sensorimotor (Birth to 2 Years) 39 Stage 2: Preoperational (2 to 6 Years) 40 Stage 3: Concrete Operations (6 to 12 Years) 40 Stage 4: Formal Operations (12 to 15+ Years) 40 Relevance of Cognitive Development Theory to Nursing Practice 40 THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT 40 Level I: Preconventional Level (Prominent from Ages 4 to 10 Years) 41 Level II: Conventional Level (Prominent from Ages 10 to 13 Years and into Adulthood) 41 Level III: Postconventional Level (Can Occur from Adolescence Onward) 41 Relevance of Moral Development Theory to Nursing Practice 42 A NURSING MODEL-HILDEGARD E. PEPLAU 42 Peplau's Stages of Personality Development 42 Relevance of Peplau's Model to Nursing Practice 44 SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS 45 REVIEW QUESTIONS 46 REFERENCES 47 CLASSICAL REFERENCES 47
Chapter 4 Concepts of Psychobiology 48 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: AN ANATOMICAL REVIEW 49 The Brain 49 Nerve Tissue 53 Autonomic Nervous System 53 Neurotransmitters 55
Chapter 5 Ethical and Legal Issues in Psychiatric/ Mental Health Nursing 72 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 73 Theoretical Perspectives 73 Ethical Dilemmas 74 Ethical Principles 74 A Model for Making Ethical Decisions 75 Ethical Issues in Psychiatric/Mental Health Nursing 76 LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS 76 Nurse Practice Acts 77 Types of Law 78 Classifications Within Statutory and Common Law 78 Legal Issues in Psychiatric/Mental Health Nursing 78 Commitment Issues 81 Nursing Liability 82
SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS 83 REVIEW QUESTIONS 85 REFERENCES 86
Chapter 6 Cultural and Spiritual Concepts Relevant to Psychiatric/Mental Health Nursing 87 CULTURAL CONCEPTS 88
HOW DO CULTURES DIFFER? 88 Communication 88 Space 89 Social Organization 89 Time 89 Environmental Control 89 Biological Variations 89 APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS 90 Background Assessment Data 90 Culture-Bound Syndromes 99 Diagnosis/Outcome Identification 99 Planning/Implementation 99 Evaluation 101 SPIRITUAL CONCEPTS 101 Spiritual Needs 101 Assessment of Spiritual and Religious Needs 103 Diagnoses/Outcome Identification/Evaluation 105 Planning/Implementation 105 Evaluation 105 SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS 107 REVIEW QUESTIONS 109 REFERENCES 110 CLASSICAL REFERENCES 111
UNIT THREE THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES IN PSYCHIATRIC NURSING CARE Chapter 7 Relationship Development 114 ROLE OF THE PSYCHIATRIC NURSE 115
DYNAMICS OF A THERAPEUTIC NURSE-CLIENT RELATIONSHIP 116 Therapeutic Use of Self 116 Gaining Self-Awareness 116 The Johari Window 117
CONDITIONS ESSENTIAL TO DEVELOPMENT OF A THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP 119 Rapport 119 Trust 119 Respect 119 Genuineness 120 Empathy 120
PHASES OF A THERAPEUTIC NURSE-CLIENT RELATIONSHIP 121 The Preinteraction Phase 121 The Orientation (Introductory) Phase 121 The Working Phase 121 The Termination Phase 122 BOUNDARIES IN THE NURSE-CLIENT RELATIONSHIP 123
Chapter 8 Therapeutic Communication 127 WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? 128 THE IMPACT OF PREEXISTING CONDITIONS 128 Values, Attitudes, and Beliefs 128 Culture or Religion 128 Social Status 129 Gender 129 Age or Developmental Level 129 Environment in Which the Transaction Takes Place 129
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION 130 Physical Appearance and Dress 130 Body Movement and Posture 130 Touch 130 Facial Expressions 131 Eye Behavior 131 Vocal Cues, or Paralanguage 131 THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES 132
NONTHERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES 132 ACTIVE LISTENING 135 PROCESS RECORDINGS 135 FEEDBACK 135 SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS 137 REVIEW QUESTIONS 138
REFERENCES 139 CLASSICAL REFERENCES 139
Chapter 9 The Nursing Process in Psychiatric/Mental Health Nursing 140 THE NURSING PROCESS 141 Definition 141 Standards of Practice 141
WHY NURSING DIAGNOSIS? 149
NURSING CASE MANAGEMENT 149 Critical Pathways of Care 151 APPLYING THE NURSING PROCESS IN THE PSYCHIATRIC SETTING 151 CONCEPT MAPPING 153 DOCUMENTATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS 155 Problem-Oriented Recording 155 Focus Charting 156 The PIE Method 156 Electronic Documentation 157
SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS 158 REVIEW QUESTIONS 160
REFERENCES 160 Chapter 10 Therapeutic Groups 161 FUNCTIONS OF A GROUP 162
TYPES OF GROUPS 162 Task Groups 162 Teaching Groups 162 Supportive/Therapeutic Groups 162 Self-Help Groups 163
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS THAT INFLUENCE GROUP DYNAMICS 163 Seating 163 Size 163 Membership 163
CURATIVE FACTORS 164 PHASES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT 164 Phase I. Initial or Orientation Phase 164 Phase II. Middle or Working Phase 164 Phase III. Final or Termination Phase 165 LEADERSHIP STYLES 165 Autocratic 165 Democratic 165 Laissez-Faire 165 MEMBER ROLES 166
PSYCHODRAMA 167 THE ROLE OF THE NURSE IN GROUP THERAPY 167 SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS 167 REVIEW QUESTIONS 169
REFERENCES 171 CLASSICAL REFERENCES 171 Chapter 11 Intervention with Families 172 STAGES OF FAMILY DEVELOPMENT 173 Stage I. The Single Young Adult 173 Stage II. The Newly Married Couple 173 Stage III. The Family with Young Children 173 Stage IV. The Family with Adolescents 173 Stage V. The Family Launching Grown Children 174 Stage VI. The Family in Later Life 175 MAJOR VARIATIONS 175 Divorce 175 Remarriage 175 Cultural Variations 175 FAMILY FUNCTIONING 176 Communication 177 Self-Concept Reinforcement 178 Family Members' Expectations 178 Handling Differences 179 Family Interactional Patterns 180 Family Climate 180 THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES WITH FAMILIES 181 The Family as a System 181 The Structural Model 183 The Strategic Model 184 The Evolution of Family Therapy 186 THE NURSING PROCESS-A CASE STUDY 187 Assessment 187 Diagnosis 190 Outcome Identification 190 Planning/Implementation 190 Evaluation 191
SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS 191 REVIEW QUESTIONS 193
REFERENCES 194 CLASSICAL REFERENCES 194 Chapter 12 Milieu Therapy-The Therapeutic Community 195 MILIEU, DEFINED 195
CURRENT STATUS OF THE THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY 196 BASIC ASSUMPTIONS 196
CONDITIONS THAT PROMOTE A THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY 197 THE PROGRAM OF THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY 198 THE ROLE OF THE NURSE 199 SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS 201 REVIEW QUESTIONS 202
REFERENCES 203 CLASSICAL REFERENCES 203 Chapter 13 Crisis Intervention 204 CHARACTERISTICS OF A CRISIS 205
PHASES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CRISIS 205 TYPES OF CRISES 206 Class 1: Dispositional Crises 206 Class 2: Crises of Anticipated Life Transitions 207 Class 3: Crises Resulting from Traumatic Stress 207 Class 4: Maturational/Developmental Crises 208 Class 5: Crises Reflecting Psychopathology 208 Class 6: Psychiatric Emergencies 208
CRISIS INTERVENTION 209 PHASES OF CRISIS INTERVENTION: THE ROLE OF THE NURSE 209 Phase 1. Assessment 209 Phase 2. Planning of Therapeutic Intervention 209 Phase 3. Intervention 210 Phase 4. Evaluation of Crisis Resolution and Anticipatory Planning 211
DISASTER NURSING 211
APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS TO DISASTER NURSING 211 Background Assessment Data 211 Nursing Diagnoses/Outcome Identification 211 Planning/Implementation 212 Evaluation 212 SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS 217 REVIEW QUESTIONS 218
REFERENCES 219 CLASSICAL REFERENCES 219 Chapter 14 Relaxation Therapy 220 THE STRESS EPIDEMIC 220 PHYSIOLOGICAL, COGNITIVE, AND BEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS OF RELAXATION 221 METHODS OF ACHIEVING RELAXATION 223 Deep Breathing Exercises 223 Progressive Relaxation 223 Modified (or Passive) Progressive Relaxation 224 Meditation 225 Mental Imagery 225 Biofeedback 226 Physical Exercise 226
THE ROLE OF THE NURSE IN RELAXATION THERAPY 226 Assessment 227 Diagnosis 227 Outcome Identification/Implementation 227 Evaluation 228 SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS 228 REVIEW QUESTIONS 229
REFERENCES 229
Chapter 15 Assertiveness Training 230 ASSERTIVE COMMUNICATION 231 BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS 231 RESPONSE PATTERNS 231 Nonassertive Behavior 231 Assertive Behavior 232 Aggressive Behavior 232 Passive-Aggressive Behavior 232
BEHAVIORAL COMPONENTS OF ASSERTIVE BEHAVIOR 232
TECHNIQUES THAT PROMOTE ASSERTIVE BEHAVIOR 233 THOUGHT-STOPPING TECHNIQUES 234 Method 235 ROLE OF THE NURSE 235 Assessment 235 Diagnosis 236 Outcome Identification/Implementation 236 Evaluation 238 SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS 238 REVIEW QUESTIONS 239
REFERENCES 240 Chapter 16 Promoting Self-Esteem 241 COMPONENTS OF SELF-CONCEPT 242 Physical Self or Body Image 242 Personal Identity 242 Self -Esteem 242
DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-ESTEEM 242 Developmental Progression of Self-Esteem Through the Life Span 243
Chapter 17 Anger/Aggression Management 254 ANGER AND AGGRESSION, DEFINED 255 PREDISPOSING FACTORS TO ANGER AND AGGRESSION 256 Modeling 256 Operant Conditioning 256 Neurophysiological Disorders 256 Biochemical Factors 256 Socioeconomic Factors 256 Environmental Factors 256
THE NURSING PROCESS 257 Assessment 257 Diagnosis/Outcome Identification 258 Planning/Implementation 258 Evaluation 261
SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS 261 REVIEW QUESTIONS 262
REFERENCES 263 Chapter 18 The Suicidal Client 264 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES 264 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FACTORS 265 RISK FACTORS 265 Marital Status 265 Gender 265 Age 266 Religion 266 Socioeconomic Status 266 Ethnicity 266 Other Risk Factors 266
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: THEORIES OF SUICIDE 267 Psychological Theories 267 Sociological Theory 267 Biological Theories 268
APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS WITH THE SUICIDAL CLIENT 268 Assessment 268 Diagnosis/Outcome Identification 270 Planning/Implementation 270 Evaluation 275 SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS 275 REVIEW QUESTIONS 276
Chapter 21 Psychopharmacology 301 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES 302 ROLE OF THE NURSE 302 Ethical and Legal Implications 302 Assessment 302 Medication Administration and Evaluation 302 Client Education 302
HOW DO PSYCHOTROPICS WORK? 304 APPLYING THE NURSING PROCESS IN PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY 306 Antianxiety Agents 306 Antidepressants 308 Mood-Stabilizing Agents 315 Antipsychotic Agents 321 Sedative-Hypnotics 327 Agents for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 329
SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS 332 REVIEW QUESTIONS 334
REFERENCES 335 Chapter 22 Electroconvulsive Therapy 336 ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY, DEFINED 337 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES 337 INDICATIONS 338 Major Depression 338 Mania 338 Schizophrenia 338 Other Conditions 338 CONTRAINDICATIONS 338 MECHANISM OF ACTION 338 SIDE EFFECTS 338 RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY 339 Mortality 339 Permanent Memory Loss 339 Brain Damage 339
THE ROLE OF THE NURSE IN ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY 339 Assessment 339 Diagnosis/Outcome Identification 340 Planning/Implementation 340 Evaluation 341
SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS 341 REVIEW QUESTIONS 342
REFERENCES 343 Chapter 23 Complementary Therapies 344 COMMONALITIES AND CONTRASTS 347 TYPES OF COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES 347 Herbal Medicine 347 Acupressure and Acupuncture 348 Diet and Nutrition 351 Chiropractic Medicine 355 Therapeutic Touch and Massage 356 Yoga 356 Pet Therapy 357
SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS 358 REVIEW QUESTIONS 359
REFERENCES 359 Chapter 24 Client Education 361 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES 362 THEORIES OF TEACHING AND LEARNING 363 Behaviorist Theory 363 Cognitive Theory 363 Humanistic Theory 363
AGE AND DEVELOPMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 364 The Adult Learner 364 Teaching Children and Adolescents 365 Teaching the Elderly 365
THE NURSING PROCESS IN CLIENT EDUCATION 366 Assessment 366 Nursing Diagnosis 368 Outcome Identification 368 Planning/Implementation 368 Evaluation 370
DOCUMENTATION OF CLIENT EDUCATION 371
SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS 371 REVIEW QUESTIONS 373
REFERENCES 374 CLASSICAL REFERENCES 374
UNIT FOUR NURSING CARE OF CLIENTS WITH ALTERATIONS IN PSYCHOSOCIAL ADAPTATION Chapter 25 Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence 376 MENTAL RETARDATION 377 Predisposing Factors 377 Application of the Nursing Process to Mental Retardation 378
AUTISTIC DISORDER 380 Clinical Findings 380 Epidemiology and Course 380 Predisposing Factors 381 Application of the Nursing Process to Autistic Disorder 381 ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER 384 Clinical Findings, Epidemiology, and Course 384 Predisposing Factors 385 Application of the Nursing Process to ADHD 387 Psychopharmacological Intervention for ADHD 390
CONDUCT DISORDER 393 Predisposing Factors 394 Application of the Nursing Process to Conduct Disorder 394
OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER 397 Clinical Findings, Epidemiology, and Course 397 Predisposing Factors 397 Application of the Nursing Process to ODD 398
TOURETTE'S DISORDER 401 Clinical Findings, Epidemiology, and Course 401 Predisposing Factors 401 Application of the Nursing Process to Tourette's Disorder 401 Psychopharmacological Intervention for Tourette's Disorder 404
SEPARATION ANXIETY DISORDER 404 Clinical Findings, Epidemiology, and Course 404 Predisposing Factors 404 Application of the Nursing Process to Separation Anxiety Disorder 405 GENERAL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES 407 Behavior Therapy 407 Family Therapy 408 Group Therapy 408 Psychopharmacology 408
SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS 408 REVIEW QUESTIONS 410
REFERENCES 411 INTERNET REFERENCES 412
Chapter 26 Delirium, Dementia, and Amnestic Disorders 413 DELIRIUM 414 Clinical Findings and Course 414 Predisposing Factors 414 DEMENTIA 415 Clinical Findings, Epidemiology, and Course 415 Predisposing Factors 417
AMNESTIC DISORDERS 422 Predisposing Factors 422 APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS 422 Assessment 422 Nursing Diagnosis/Outcome Identification 426 Planning/Implementation 427 Concept Care Mapping 430 Client/Family Education 430 Evaluation 432
MEDICAL TREATMENT MODALITIES 432 Delirium 432 Dementia 432
THE DYNAMICS OF SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS 445 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence 445 Alcohol Intoxication 449 Alcohol Withdrawal 450 Sedative, Hynotic, or Anxiolytic Abuse and Dependence 450 Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic Intoxication 452 Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic Withdrawal 452 CNS Stimulant Abuse and Dependence 452 CNS Stimulant Intoxication 455 CNS Stimulant Withdrawal 455 Inhalant Abuse and Dependence 456 Inhalant Intoxication 456 Opioid Abuse and Dependence 456 Opioid Intoxication 458 Opioid Withdrawal 458 Hallucinogen Abuse and Dependence 459 Hallucinogen Intoxication 461 Cannabis Abuse and Dependence 461 Cannabis Intoxication 463
APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS 463 Assessment 463 Diagnosis/Outcome Identification 470 Planning/Implementation 471 Concept Care Mapping 474 Client/Family Education 474 Evaluation 474
THE CHEMICALLY IMPAIRED NURSE 476
CODEPENDENCY 477 The Codependent Nurse 477 Treating Codependence 478
TREATMENT MODALITIES FOR SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS 478 Alcoholics Anonymous 478 Pharmacotherapy 478 Counseling 480 Group Therapy 481 Psychopharmacology for Substance Intoxication and Substance Withdrawal 481
SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS 484 REVIEW QUESTIONS 485
REFERENCES 487 CLASSICAL REFERENCES 488 INTERNET REFERENCES 488
Chapter 28 Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders 489 NATURE OF THE DISORDER 490 Phase I: The Premorbid Phase 490 Phase II: The Prodromal Phase 491 Phase III: Schizophrenia 491 Phase IV: Residual Phase 491 Prognosis 491
PREDISPOSING FACTORS 492 Biological Influences 492 Psychological Influences 494 Environmental Influences 494 Stressful Life Events 494 The Transactional Model 494
TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA AND OTHER PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS 496 Disorganized Schizophrenia 496 Catatonic Schizophrenia 496 Paranoid Schizophrenia 496 Undifferentiated Schizophrenia 496 Residual Schizophrenia 496 Schizoaffective Disorder 496 Brief Psychotic Disorder 497 Schizophreniform Disorder 497 Delusional Disorder 497 Shared Psychotic Disorder 497 Psychotic Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition 498 Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder 498
APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS 498 Background Assessment Data 498 Diagnosis/Outcome Identification 502 Planning/Implementation 503 Concept Care Mapping 506 Client/Family Education 506 Evaluation 506
TREATMENT MODALITIES FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA AND OTHER PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS 508 Psychological Treatments 508 Social Treatment 509 Organic Treatment 510
SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS 514 REVIEW QUESTIONS 516
REFERENCES 517 INTERNET REFERENCES 518
Chapter 29 Mood Disorders 519
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 520 EPIDEMIOLOGY 520 Gender 521 Age 521 Social Class 521 Race and Culture 521 Marital Status 522 Seasonality 522
TYPES OF MOOD DISORDERS 522 Depressive Disorders 522 Bipolar Disorders 524 Other Mood Disorders 525
APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS TO DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS 532 Background Assessment Data 532 Diagnosis/Outcome Identification 534 Planning/Implementation 535 Concept Care Mapping 538 Client/Family Education 538 Evaluation of Care for the Depressed Client 538
APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS TO BIPOLAR DISORDER (MANIA) 543 Background Assessment Data 543 Diagnosis/Outcome Identification 544 Planning/Implementation 545 Concept Care Mapping 547 Client/Family Education 547 Evaluation of Care for the Manic Client 547
TREATMENT MODALITIES FOR MOOD DISORDERS 549 Individual Psychotherapy 549 Group Therapy for Depression and Mania 550 Family Therapy for Depression and Mania 550 Cognitive Therapy for Depression and Mania 550 Electroconvulsive Therapy for Depression and Mania 551 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 551 Light Therapy for Depression 551 Psychopharmacology 551
SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS 556 REVIEW QUESTIONS 557
REFERENCES 559 CLASSICAL REFERENCES 560 INTERNET REFERENCES 560
HOW MUCH IS TOO MUCH? 564 APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS 564 Panic Disorder 564 Generalized Anxiety Disorder 565 Phobias 566 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 571 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 574 Anxiety Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition 576 Substance-Induced Anxiety Disorder 576 Diagnosis/Outcome Identification 576 Planning/Implementation 578 Concept Care Mapping 580 Client/Family Education 583 Evaluation 583
REFERENCES 617 CLASSICAL REFERENCES 618 INTERNET REFERENCES 618
Chapter 32 Issues Related to Human Sexuality 619 DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN SEXUALITY 620 Birth Through Age 12 620 Adolescence 620 Adulthood 621
SEXUAL DISORDERS 622 Paraphilias 622 Sexual Dysfunctions 626 Application of the Nursing Process to Sexual Disorders 630 Treatment Modalities for Sexual Dysfunctions 636
VARIATIONS IN SEXUAL ORIENTATION 638 Homosexuality 638 Transsexualism 640 Bisexuality 640
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 641
SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS 643 REVIEW QUESTIONS 645
REFERENCES 646 CLASSICAL REFERENCES 646 INTERNET REFERENCES 646 Chapter 33 Eating Disorders 647 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FACTORS 648 APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS 648 Background Assessment Data (Anorexia Nervosa) 648 Background Assessment Data (Bulimia Nervosa) 649 Background Assessment Data (Obesity) 650 Diagnosis/Outcome Identification 652 Planning/Implementation 652 Concept Care Mapping 657 Client/Family Education 658 Evaluation 658
APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS 676 Borderline Personality Disorder (Background Assessment Data) 676 Predisposing Factors to Borderline Personality Disorder 678 Diagnosis/Outcome Identification 679 Planning/Implementation 679 Concept Care Mapping 683 Evaluation 683 Antisocial Personality Disorder (Background Assessment Data) 683 Diagnosis/Outcome Identification 686 Planning/Implementation 687 Concept Care Mapping 689 Evaluation 689
TREATMENT MODALITIES 690 Interpersonal Psychotherapy 690 Psychoanalytical Psychotherapy 690 Milieu or Group Therapy 690 Cognitive/Behavioral Therapy 690 Psychopharmacology 690
SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS 692 REVIEW QUESTIONS 693 REFERENCES 695 CLASSICAL REFERENCES 695 INTERNET REFERENCES 695
UNIT FIVE PSYCHIATRIC/MENTAL HEALTH NURSING OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS Chapter 35 The Aging Individual 698 HOW OLD IS OLD? 699
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STATISTICS 699 The Population 699 Marital Status 699 Living Arrangements 700 Economic Status 700 Employment 700 Health Status 700 THEORIES OF AGING 700 Biological Theories 700 Psychosocial Theories 701
THE NORMAL AGING PROCESS 702 Biological Aspects of Aging 702 Psychological Aspects of Aging 705 Sociocultural Aspects of Aging 707 Sexual Aspects of Aging 707
SPECIAL CONCERNS OF THE ELDERLY POPULATION 708 Retirement 708 Long-Term Care 710 Elder Abuse 711
APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS 713 Assessment 713 Diagnosis/Outcome Identification 714 Planning/Implementation 715 Evaluation 715
SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS 720 REVIEW QUESTIONS 723
REFERENCES 724 CLASSICAL REFERENCES 725 INTERNET REFERENCES 725
APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS 730 Background Assessment Data 730 Diagnosis/Outcome Identification 736 Planning/Implementation 736 Concept Care Mapping 739 Evaluation 739 TREATMENT MODALITIES 739 Crisis Intervention 739 The Safe House or Shelter 741 Family Therapy 741
SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS 742 REVIEW QUESTIONS 743
REFERENCES 745 CLASSICAL REFERENCES 745 INTERNET REFERENCES 745
Chapter 37 Community Mental Health Nursing 746 THE CHANGING FOCUS OF CARE 747
THE PUBLIC HEALTH MODEL 748 THE ROLE OF THE NURSE 749 The Psychiatric-Mental Health Registered Nurse (RN-PMH) 749 The Psychiatric-Mental Health Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN-PMH) 750
CASE MANAGEMENT 750 THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENT 751 Primary Prevention 751 Secondary Prevention 757 Tertiary Prevention 758
SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS 772 REVIEW QUESTIONS 774
REFERENCES 775 CLASSICAL REFERENCES 776 Chapter 38 Forensic Nursing 777 WHAT IS FORENSIC NURSING? 777
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES 778 THE CONTEXT OF FORENSIC NURSING PRACTICE 778
FORENSIC NURSING SPECIALTIES 778 Clinical Forensic Nursing Specialty 778 The Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) 779 Forensic Psychiatric Nursing Specialty 779 Correctional/Institutional Nursing Specialty 779 Nurses in General Practice 779
APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS IN CLINICAL FORENSIC NURSING IN TRAUMA CARE 780 Assessment 780 Nursing Diagnosis 781 Planning/Implementation 781 Evaluation 783
APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS IN FORENSIC PSYCHIATRIC NURSING IN CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES 783 Assessment 783 Nursing Diagnosis 786 Planning/Implementation 786 Evaluation 789 SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS 789 REVIEW QUESTIONS 790
REFERENCES 790 CLASSICAL REFERENCE 791 INTERNET REFERENCES 791 Chapter 39 The Bereaved Individual 792 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON LOSS AND BEREAVEMENT 793 Stages of Grief 793
LENGTH OF THE GRIEF PROCESS 796 ANTICIPATORY GRIEF 797 MALADAPTIVE RESPONSES TO LOSS 797 Delayed or Inhibited Grief 797 Distorted (Exaggerated) Grief Response 797 Chronic or Prolonged Grieving 797 Normal versus Maladaptive Grieving 798
APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS 798 Background Assessment Data: Concepts of Death-Developmental Issues 798 Background Assessment Data: Concepts of Death-Cultural Issues 799 Nursing Diagnosis/Outcome Identification 801 Planning/Implementation 801 Evaluation 801 ADDITIONAL ASSISTANCE 804 Hospice 804 Advance Directives 806
SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS 807 REVIEW QUESTIONS 809 REFERENCES 810 CLASSICAL REFERENCES 810 INTERNET REFERENCES 810