TY - BOOK AU - Wilkinson,Judith M. AU - Van Leuven,Karen TI - Fundamentals of nursing: theory, concepts & applications SN - 0803614713 (2 vol. set) U1 - WY 100 W686f 2007 v OL.1 PY - 2007/// CY - Philadelphia PB - F.A. Davis Co. KW - Nursing KW - Nursing Care KW - Nursing Process KW - Nursing Theory N1 - Includes bibliographical references and index; CONTENTS: UNIT 1 How Nurses Think Chapter 1 Evolution of Nursing Thought and Action Learning Outcomes Nurses Make a Difference... Then & Now Nursing Images Throughout History Angel of Mercy Handmaiden Battle-Ax Naughty Nurse Military Image Nurses on the Battlefield Nurses Fighting Disease Caucasian Woman Full-Spectrum Nurse? Contemporary Nursing Practice: Education, Regulation, and Organization How Is Nursing Defined? International Council of Nurses Definition Nursing Association Definitions Is Nursing a Profession, Discipline, or Occupation? How Do Nurses' Educational Paths Differ? Formal Education Practical and Vocational Nursing Education Registered Nursing Education Graduate Nursing Education Other Forms of Education Informal Education How Is Nursing Practice Regulated? What Are Some Important Nursing Organizations? American and Canadian Nurses Associations National League for Nursing International Council of Nursing National Student Nurses Association Sigma Theta Tau International Specialty Organizations Contemporary Nursing Practice: Caring for Clients Who Are the Recipients of Nursing Care? What Are the Purposes of Nursing Care? Health Promotion Illness Prevention Health Restoration End of Life Care Where Do Nurses Work? What Factors Influence Contemporary Nursing Practice? Trends in Society Trends in Nursing and Health Care Increased Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Expanded Variety of Settings for Care Increased Autonomy and Advanced Practice Roles Increased Use of Unlicensed Assistive Personnel Influence of Nurses on Healthcare Policy Divergence Between High-Tech and High-Touch Chapter 2 Critical Thinking and the Nursing Process Learning Outcomes Explore Your Nursing Role What Is Your View of Nursing? Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing When and Knowing Why What Is Critical Thinking? What Are Critical-Thinking Skills? What Are Critical-Thinking Attitudes? Why Is Critical Thinking Important for Nurses? Nurses Deal with Complex Situations Clients Are Unique Nurses Apply Knowledge to Provide Holistic Care What Are the Different Kinds of Nursing Knowledge? A Model for Critical Thinking Practical Knowledge: Knowing What and Knowing How What Is the Nursing Process? What Are the Phases of the Nursing Process? How Is the Nursing Process Related to Critical Thinking? What Is Full-Spectrum Nursing? What Are Concepts Are Used in the Model? How Does the Model Work? Chapter 3 Nursing Process: Assessment Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patient Assessment: The First Step of the Nursing Process How Is Assessment Related to Other Steps of the Nursing Process? How Does Nursing Assessment Fit into Collaborative Care? What Do Professional Standards Say About Assessment? Can I Delegate Assessments? Sources of Data Types of Assessment Initial and Ongoing Assessments Comprehensive and Focused Assessments Special Needs Assessments What Is Included in a Comprehensive Assessment? Observation Physical Assessment The Nursing Interview What Are the Components of a Nursing Health History? Types of Interviews Preparing for the Interview Preparing Yourself Preparing the Space Preparing the Patient Conducting the Interview Closing the Interview How and When Should I Validate Data? How Can I Organize Data? Non-Nursing Models Nursing Models How Should I Document Data? Guidelines for Recording Assessment Data Tools for Recording Assessment Data Reflecting Critically About Assessment Chapter 4 Nursing Process: Diagnosis Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patient Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why Diagnosis: Second Step of the Nursing Process What Are the Origins of Nursing Diagnosis? What Are Health Problems? Recognizing Nursing Diagnoses Recognizing Medical Diagnoses Recognizing Collaborative Problems Types of Nursing Diagnoses Actual Nursing Diagnosis: Problem Is Present Risk Nursing Diagnosis: Problem May Occur Possible Nursing Diagnosis: Problem May Be Present Syndrome Nursing Diagnosis: Several Related Problems Are Present Wellness Diagnosis: No Problem Is Present What Is Diagnostic Reasoning? Analyzing and Interpreting Data Identify Significant Data Cluster Cues Identify Data Gaps and Inconsistencies Drawing Conclusions about Health Status Make Inferences Identify Problem Etiologies Verifying Problems with the Patient Prioritizing Problems Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs Problem Urgency Future Consequences Patient Preference Documenting Priorities Computer-Assisted Diagnosing Reflecting Critically on Your Diagnostic Reasoning Process Think About Your Theoretical Knowledge Think About Your Self Knowledge Think About Your Analysis and Conclusions Practical Knowledge: Knowing How How Are Diagnostic Statements Written? Standardized Nursing Languages What Is a Taxonomy? NANDA Taxonomy of Diagnostic Terminology What Are the Components of a NANDA Nursing Diagnosis? How Do I Know Which Label to Use? Formats for Diagnostic Statements Basic Two-Part Statement Basic Three-Part Statement One-Part Statement Format Variations "Specify" "Secondary to" Two-Part NANDA Label Adding Words to the NANDA Label Unknown Etiology Complex Etiology Collaborative Problems How Does the Nursing Diagnosis Relate to Outcomes and Interventions? The Problem Suggests Goals The Etiology Suggests Interventions Reflecting Critically About Diagnostic Statements Guidelines for Judging the Quality of Diagnostic Statements Critiquing the NANDA System Chapter 5 Nursing Process: Planning Outcomes Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patient What Is Planning? How Is Planning Related to Other Steps of the Nursing Process? Initial and Ongoing Planning Discharge Planning Discharge Planning Begins at Assessment Written Discharge Plans Discharge Planning Requires Collaboration Nursing Care Plans Why Is a Written Nursing Care Plan Important? What Information Does a Comprehensive Nursing Care Plan Contain? What Documents Make Up a Comprehensive Nursing Care Plan? Form for Client Profile and Basic Needs Preprinted, Standardized Plans Policies and Procedures Protocols Unit Standards of Care Standardized Nursing Care Plans Critical Pathways Integrated Plans of Care Individualized Nursing Care Plans Special Discharge or Teaching Plans Computerized Care Plans Student Care Plans Mind-Mapping Student Care Plans What Is the Process for Writing an Individualized Nursing Care Plan? Planning Patient Goals/Outcomes What Do the Terms Goal and Outcome Mean? What Is the Purpose of Goal/Outcome Statements? How Do I Distinguish Between Short-Term and Long-Term Goals? What Are the Components of a Goal Statement? How Do Goals Relate to Nursing Diagnoses? Essential versus Nonessential Goals Goals for Actual, Risk, and Possible Nursing Diagnoses Goals for Collaborative Problems How Do I Use Standardized Terminology for Outcomes? What Is the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC)? Components of a NOC Outcome Using NOC With Computerized Care Plans How Do I Write Goals for Groups? How Do I Write Goals for Wellness Diagnoses? Outcomes for Special Teaching Plans Reflecting Critically About Expected Outcomes/Goals Chapter 6 Nursing Process: Planning Interventions Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patient What Are Nursing Interventions? Nursing Interventions Reflect Direct and Indirect Care Nursing Interventions Include Independent, Dependent, and Collaborative Actions How Do I Decide Which Interventions to Use? How Do Theories Influence My Choice of Interventions? How Does Nursing Research Influence My Choice of Interventions? Single Studies Critical Pathways and Protocols Evidence-Based Practice Clinical Practice Guidelines Evidence Reports How Does Problem Status Influence Nursing Interventions? What Process Can I Use for Generating and Selecting Interventions? Review the Nursing Diagnosis Review the Desired Patient Outcomes Identify Several Interventions or Actions Choose the Best Interventions for the Patient Individualize Standardized Interventions Computer-Generated Interventions How Can I Use Standardized Language in Planning Interventions? What Is the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC)? Locating Appropriate NIC Interventions and Activities Using NIC in Computerized Care Plans Standardized Languages for Home Health and Community Care Does Standardized Language Interfere with Holistic Care? What Are Nursing Orders, and How Do I Write Them? Components of a Nursing Order Reflecting Critically About the Nursing Orders Chapter 7 Nursing Process: Implementation and Evaluation Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patients Implementation: The Action Phase of the Nursing Process How Is Implementation Related to Other Steps of the Nursing Process? How Should I Prepare for Implementation? Check Your Knowledge and Abilities Organize Your Work Establish Feedback Points Prepare Supplies and Equipment Prepare the Patient Implementing the Plan: Doing or Delegating What Knowledge and Skills Do I Need? How Can I Promote Client Participation and Adherence? What Should I Know About Coordinating Care? What Should I Know About Delegation and Supervision? Right Task? Right Circumstance? Right Person? Right Direction/Communication? Right Supervision? Documenting: The Final Step of Implementation Reflecting Critically About Implementation Evaluation: The Final Step of the Nursing Process Why Is Evaluation Essential to Full-Spectrum Nursing? How Are Standards and Criteria Used in Evaluation? Types of Evaluation Evaluation of Structures, Processes, and Outcomes Ongoing, Intermittent, and Terminal Evaluation How Is Evaluation Related to Other Steps of the Nursing Process? How Do I Evaluate Patient Progress? Review Outcomes Collect Reassessment Data Judge Goal Achievement Record the Evaluative Statement How Do I Evaluate Collaborative Problems? Evaluating and Revising the Care Plan Relate Outcomes to Interventions Draw Conclusions About Problem Status Revise the Care Plan Reflecting Critically About Evaluation Evaluating the Quality of Care in a Healthcare Setting Chapter 8 Nursing Theory and Research Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patient Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why Nursing Theory What Are the Components of a Theory? Phenomena Assumptions Concepts Definitions Statements/Propositions Theory, Framework, Model, or Paradigm? How Are Theories Developed? What Are the Essential Concepts of a Nursing Theory? How Do Nurses Use Theories? In Practice In Education In Research Who Are Some Important Nurse Theorists? Florence Nightingale Virginia Henderson Hildegarde Peplau The Caring Theorists Patricia Benner Madeleine Leininger Other Selected Nurse Theorists How Do Nurses Use Theories from Other Disciplines? Maslow's Hierarchy of Basic Human Needs Physiological Needs Safety and Security Needs Love and Belonging Needs Self-Esteem Needs Self-Actualization Needs Application of Maslow's Theory Validation Theory Stress and Adaptation Theory Developmental Theories System Theory Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Planning Theory-Based Interventions/Implementation Nursing Research Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why What Is the History of Nursing Research? How Are Priorities for Nursing Research Developed? What Educational Preparation Is Necessary to Do Nursing Research? Practical Knowledge: Knowing How What Is the Scientific Method? Quantitative Research Qualitative Research What Are the Steps of the Research Process? What Are the Rights of Research Participants? Informed Consent Institutional Review Boards How Can I Help Identify Clinical Nursing Problems? How Can I Analyze the Research That I Read? How Do I Find Research Articles Related to My Practice? What Is Research Utilization? Unit 2 Factors Affecting Health Chapter 9 Growth and Development through the Life Span Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patients Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why What Are Growth and Development? Principles of Growth and Development Theories of Growth and Development Developmental Task Theory Psychoanalytic Theory Cognitive Development Theory Psychosocial Development Theory Moral Development Theory Spiritual Development Theory Stages of Growth and Development The Gestational Period Begins at Conception and Culminates in Birth Physical Development Common Health Problems Assessment Interventions The Neonatal Period Is from Birth to 28 Days Physical Development Cognitive Development Psychosocial Development Common Health Problems Assessment Interventions Infancy Is from 1 Month to 1 Year of Age Physical Development Cognitive Development Psychosocial Development Common Health Problems Assessment Interventions Toddlerhood Lasts from Age 1 to 3 Physical Development Cognitive Development Psychosocial Development Common Health Problems Assessment Interventions The Preschool Stage Includes 4- and 5-Year-Olds Physical Development Cognitive Development Psychosocial Development Common Health Problems Assessment Interventions School-Age Children Are 6 to 12 Years Old Physical Development Cognitive Development Psychosocial Development Common Health Problems Assessment Interventions Adolescence Lasts from Age 12 to 18 Physical Development Cognitive Development Psychosocial Development Common Health Problems Assessment Interventions Young Adulthood Is from Age 19 to 40 Physical Development Cognitive Development Psychosocial Development Common Health Problems Assessment Interventions Middle Adulthood is from Age 40 to 64 Physical Development Cognitive Development Psychosocial Development Common Health Problems AssessmentInterventions Older Adulthood Begins at Age 65 Theories of Aging Physical Development Cognitive Development Psychosocial Development Common Health Problems Assessment Interventions Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment Diagnosis Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation Putting it All Together Chapter 10 Experiencing Health and Illness Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patient Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why How Do We Understand Health and Illness? People Define Health and Illness in Many Different Ways Nurses Understand Health and Illness as Individual Experiences Nurses Use Conceptual Models to Understand Health and Illness The Health-Illness Continuum Dunn's Health Grid Neuman's Continuum How Do People Experience Health and Illness? Biological Factors Nutrition Physical Activity Sleep and Rest Meaningful Work Lifestyle Choices Family Relationships Culture Religion and Spirituality Environmental Factors Finances What Factors Disrupt Health? Physical Disease Injury Mental Illness Pain Loss Impending Death Competing Demands The Unknown Imbalance Isolation How Do People Experience Illness? Stages of Illness Behavior The Nature of the Illness Hardiness Intensity, Duration, and Multiplicity of the Disruption Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Using the Nursing Process to Promote Health Assessment Diagnosis Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation How Can I Honor Each Client's Unique Health/Illness Experience? Examine Life's Uncertainties Envision Wellness for Your Clients and Yourself Establish Trust at Your First Patient Contact Provide a Healing Presence Is a Healthy Life Attainable? Chapter 11 Psychosocial Health and Illness Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patient Psychosocial Health Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why What Is Self Concept? The "Dynamic Self" How Is Self Concept Formed? What Factors Affect a Person's Self Concept? Gender and Developmental Level Socioeconomic Status Family and Peer Relationships Internal Influences What Are the Components of Self Concept? Body Image Ideal versus Perceived and Actual Body Image Influence of Appearance and Function on Body Image Gradual versus Sudden Body Changes Influence of Body Image on Health Role Performance Personal Identity Self Esteem Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment Psychosocial Assessments Assessing Self Concept and Self Esteem Nursing Diagnosis Psychosocial Diagnoses Self-Concept Diagnoses Self Concept or Body Image as Problem Self Concept or Body Image as Etiology Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Psychosocial Outcomes Self-Concept and Self-Esteem Outcomes Planning Interventions/Implementation Preventing Depersonalization Promoting Self Esteem and Self Concept Promoting a Positive Body Image Facilitating Role Enhancement Psychosocial Illness: Anxiety and Depression Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why Anxiety Levels of Anxiety Coping with Anxiety Depression What Causes Depression? What Signs and Symptoms Suggest Depression? How Is Depression Treated? Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Nursing Care for Anxiety Assessment Nursing Diagnosis Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation Nursing Care for Depression Assessment Nursing Diagnosis Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation Chapter 12 The Family Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patient Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why What Is a Family? Family Structures Approaches to Family Nursing What Theories Are Useful for Family Care? General Systems Theory H2Structural-Functional Theories Developmental Theories What Are Some Family Health Risk Factors? Childless and Childbearing Couples Families with Young Children Families with Adolescents Families with Middle-Aged Adults Families with Older Adults What Are Some Challenges to Family Health? Poverty and Unemployment Infectious Diseases Homelessness Violence and Neglect Within Families Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment Assessing the Family's Health Beliefs Assessing the Family's Communication Patterns Assessing the Family's Coping Processes Nursing Diagnosis Planning Outcomes and Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation Promoting Family Wellness Interventions When a Family Member Is Ill Interventions When There Is a Death in the Family Chapter 13 Culture and Ethnicity Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patients Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why Why Is It Important to Know About Culture and Ethnicity? What Concepts Are Related to Culture? Dominant Cultures, Subcultures, and Minority Groups Vulnerable Populations as Subcultures Gender as a Subculture Ethnicity, Race, and Religion Ethnicity Race Religion Socialization, Acculturation, and Assimilation How Do Cultural Values, Beliefs, and Practices Affect Health? What Are Culture Specifics? How Do Culture Specifics Affect Health? Communication Space Time Orientation Social Organization Environmental Control Biological Variations Other Culture Specifics What Is the "Culture of Health Care"? What Are Health and Illnesses Beliefs? What Are Health and Illness Practices? What Is the Culture of the North American Healthcare System? Nursing and Other Professional Subcultures Traditional and Alternative Healing Folk Medicine Complementary and Alternative Medicine What Is Culturally Competent Care? Purnell and Paulanka Leininger Campinha-Bacote What Are Some Barriers to Culturally Competent Care? Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment The Health History Physical Assessment Assessing for Pain Cultural Assessment Models and Tools Nursing Diagnosis Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation Nursing Strategies for Providing Culturally Competent Care How Do I Communicate with Clients from Other Cultures? How Do I Communicate with Clients Who Speak a Different Language? How Can I Become Culturally Competent? Chapter 14 Spirituality Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patient Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why History of Spirituality in Nursing What Are Religion and Spirituality? What Is Religion? What Is Spirituality? Core Issues of Spirituality Faith Hope Love What Is the Relationship Between Religion and Spirituality How Might Spiritual Beliefs Affect Health? Major Religions: What Should I Know? Judaism Christianity Christian Science Jehovah's Witnesses Mormonism Islam Baha'i Hinduism Sikhism Buddhism Native American Religions Rastafarianism Self-Knowledge: What Every Nurse Should Know What Are Your Personal Biases? What Are Some Barriers to Spiritual Care? Lack of Awareness of Spirituality in General Lack of Awareness of Own Spiritual Belief System Differences in Spirituality Between Nurse and Patient Fear That Knowledge Base Is Insufficient Fear of Where Spiritual Discussions May Lead Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment Spiritual Assessment Tools Levels of Spiritual Assessment Sources of Information About Spirituality Nursing Diagnosis Diagnoses Related to Spirituality Other Diagnoses Related to Spirituality Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation What Are Spiritual Intervention? Prayer Types of Prayer Prayer Guidelines For Nurses Cures, Miracles and Spiritual Healing Chapter 15 Loss, Grief, and Dying Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patient Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why Loss and Grief What Is Loss? What Is Grief? Stages of Grief William Worden Theresa Rando H4John Bowlby Factors Affecting Grief Types of Grief Death and Dying How Is Death Defined? What Are the Stages of Dying? Physiological Stages Psychological Stages What Is End-of-Life Care? Palliative Care Hospice Care What Are Some Legal/Ethical Considerations? Advance Directives Orders for DNAR Assisted Suicide Euthanasia Autopsy Organ Donation Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment Knowledge Base History of Loss Coping Abilities and Support System Meaning of the Loss/Illness Physical Assessment Cultural and Spiritual Assessment Diagnosis Loss and Grieving as Problem Loss and Grieving as Etiology Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation Therapeutic Communication Facilitating Grief Work Expressing Feelings Recalling Memories Finding Meaning Helping Families of Dying Patients Care of the Dying Person Meeting Physiological Needs Meeting Psychological Needs Addressing Spiritual Needs Addressing Cultural Needs Providing Postmortem Care Care of the Body Legal Responsibilities Helping Families After the Death Supporting Families Immediately After the Death Providing Grief Education Helping Children Deal With Loss Taking Care of Yourself Unit 3 Essential Nursing Interventions Chapter 16 Documenting and Reporting Learning Outcomes Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why Documentation Why Do Healthcare Providers Use Written Communication? What Are the Two Main Documentation Systems? Source-Oriented Records Problem-Oriented Records What Are Some Common Types of Charting? Narrative Charting SOAP Charting Focus Charting(r) Charting by Exception Which Charting Format Is Best? What Forms Do Nurses Use to Document Care? Admission Nursing Database Flowsheets and Graphic Records Nursing Assessment Flowsheets Intake and Output Records Medication Record Outpatient Facilities Inpatient Facilities Progress Notes Kardex or Patient Care Summary Integrated Plans of Care (IPOCs) Discharge Summary Occurrence Reports Computerized Charting What Is Unique About Documentation in Home Health Care? What Is Unique About Documentation in Long-Term Care? Oral Reporting How Do I Give Change-of-Shift Report? Change-of-Shift Reporting Methods Contents of the Change-of-Shift Report What Are Transfer Reports? How Do I Receive and Document Telephone Orders and Verbal Orders? Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Guidelines for Documenting Care When Should I Chart? What Should I Chart? How Should I Chart? Can I Delegate Charting? How Do I Question a Physician's Order? Chapter 17 Measuring Vital Signs Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patients What Are Vital Signs? When Should I Measure a Patient's Vital Signs? How Do I Record Vital Signs? Body Temperature Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why What Is a Normal Temperature? How Does the Body Regulate Temperature? How Is Heat Produced in the Body? How Is Heat Exchanged Between the Body and the Environment? What Factors Influence Body Temperature? Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment Temperature Measurement Scales: Fahrenheit and Centigrade What Equipment Do I Need? Glass Thermometers Electronic Thermometers Electronic Infrared Tympanic Membrane Thermometers Disposable Chemical Thermometers What Sites Should I Use? Oral Site Rectal Site Axillary Site Tympanic Membrane Site Assessing Temperature in the Home What Is Fever? Nursing Diagnosis Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation What Is Hypothermia? Nursing Diagnosis Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation Pulse Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why What Is a Normal Pulse Rate? How Does the Body Produce and Regulate the Pulse? What Factors Influence Pulse Rate? Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment What Equipment Do I Need? What Sites Should I Use? When Should I Take an Apical Pulse? When Should I Take an Apical-Radial Pulse? What Data Should I Collect? Rate Rhythm Quality Nursing Diagnosis Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation Respiration Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why What Is a Normal Respiratory Rate? How Does the Body Regulate Respiration? Mechanics of Breathing What Factors Influence Respiration? Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment What Equipment Do I Need? What Data Should I Collect? Rate Depth Rhythm Effort Breath Sounds Chest and Abdomen Movement Associated Clinical Signs Arterial Oxygen Saturation Arterial Blood Gas Sampling Pulse Oximetry What Are Some Alterations in Respiration?? Blood Pressure Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why What Is a Normal Blood Pressure Reading? How Does the Body Regulate Blood Pressure? Cardiac Function Peripheral Resistance Blood Volume What Factors Influence Blood Pressure? Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment What Equipment Do I Need? What Cuff Size Should I Use? Which Site Should I Use? Auscultating Blood Pressure Palpating Blood Pressure Using Palpation with Auscultation Calculating Proper Inflation Pressure Recognizing an Auscultatory Gap What Is Hypotension? Nursing Diagnosis Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation What Is Hypertension? Nursing Diagnosis Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation Putting It All Together Evaluating Vital Signs Delegating Vital Signs Chapter 18 Communicating and the Therapeutic Relationship Learning Outcomes Meet Your Clients Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why What Is Communication? Communication Occurs on Three Levels Communication Involves Both Content and Process The Content of Communication The Communication Process Communication Can Be Verbal or Nonverbal Verbal Communication Vocabulary Denotative and Connotative Meaning Pacing Intonation Clarity and Brevity Timing and Relevance Credibility Humor Nonverbal communication Facial Expression Posture and Gait Personal Appearance Distance Gestures Touch What Factors Affect Communication? Environment Developmental Variations Gender Personal Space Territoriality Sociocultural Factors Roles and Relationships What Is the Role of Communication in Therapeutic Relationships? Communication Is Essential to All Phases of the Therapeutic Relationship Therapeutic Communication Has Five Key Characteristics Empathy Respect Genuineness Concreteness and Confrontation Communication Is Also Important in Group Helping Relationships Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment Nursing Diagnosis Etiologies of Communication Diagnoses Communication as Etiology of Other Nursing Diagnoses Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation Enhancing Therapeutic Communication Active Listening Establishing Trust Being Assertive Restating, Clarifying, and Validating Messages Interpreting Body Language and Sharing Observations Exploring Issues Using Silence Summarizing the Conversation Barriers to Therapeutic Communication Asking Too Many Questions Asking Why Changing the Subject Inappropriately Failing to Listen Failing to Probe Expressing Approval or Disapproval Offering Advice Providing False Reassurance Stereotyping Using Patronizing Language Using a Translator Enhancing Communication with Clients with Impaired Hearing Enhancing Communication with Clients with Impaired Speech Enhancing Communication with Clients with Cognitive Impairment Communicating with Unconscious Clients Chapter 19 Health Assessment: Performing a Physical Examination Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patients Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why Physical Examination What Are the Purposes of a Physical Examination? How Do I Prepare to Perform a Physical Examination? Prepare Yourself Prepare the Environment Prepare the Client How Do I Position the Client for a Physical Examination? What Skills Do I Need to Perform a Physical Examination? Inspection Palpation Percussion Auscultation Olfaction How Do I Modify Assessment for Different Age Groups? Infants Toddlers Preschoolers School-Age Children Adolescents Young and Middle Adults Older Adults Practical Knowledge: Knowing How The General Survey Appearance and Behavior Body Type and Posture Speech Dress, Grooming, and Hygiene Mental State Vital Signs Height and Weight The Integumentary System The Skin Skin Color Skin Characteristics Skin Temperature Skin Moisture Skin Texture Skin Turgor Edema Skin Lesions The Hair The Nails Nail Color Nail Shape Nail Texture The Head The Skull and Face The Eyes External Structures Visual Acuity Distance Vision Near Vision Color Vision Visual Field Internal Structures The Ears and Hearing Examining the External and Middle Ear Assessing Hearing The Weber and Rinne Tests The Romberg Test The Nose The Mouth and Oropharynx The Lips, Buccal Mucosa, and Gingiva The Teeth The Tongue The Hard and Soft Palates and Oropharynx The Neck The Thyroid Gland The Cervical Lymph Nodes The Breasts and Axillae The Chest and Lungs Chest Landmarks Chest Shape and Size Breath Sounds The Cardiovascular System The Cardiac Cycle Cardiac Landmarks Inspection and Palpation of the Heart Heart Sounds S1, S2, S3, and S4 Heart Sounds Murmurs The Vascular System The Central Vessels The Carotid Arteries The Jugular Veins The Peripheral Vessels The Abdomen The Musculoskeletal System Body Shape and Symmetry Balance, Coordination, and Movement Joint Mobility and Muscle Function The Neurological System Cerebral Function Level of Consciousness Mental Status and Cognitive Function Cranial Nerve Function Reflex Function Sensory Function Motor and Cerebellar Function The Genitourinary System The Male Genitourinary System The Female Genitourinary System External Examination Internal Examination The Anus, Rectum, and Prostate Documenting Physical Assessment Findings Chapter 20 Promoting Asepsis and Preventing Infection Learning Outcomes Meet Your Nursing Role Model Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why How Does Infection Occur? Infections Develop in Response to a Chain of Factors Infectious Agent Reservoir Portal of Exit Mode of Transmission Portal of Entry Susceptible Host Infections Can Be Classified by Location and Duration Infections Follow Predictable Stages What Are the Body's Defenses Against Infection? Primary Defenses Secondary Defenses Tertiary defenses Humoral Immunity Cell-Mediated Immunity How Can the Host Defenses Be Supported? Nutrition Hygiene Rest and Exercise Stress Reduction Immunizations What Factors Increase the Risk for Infection? Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment Nursing History Physical Assessment Nursing Diagnosis Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation Medical Asepsis Maintaining a Clean Environment Maintaining Clean Hands CDC Tier One: Standard Precautions CDC Tier Two: Transmission-Based Precautions Contact Precautions Droplet Precautions Airborne Precautions Protective Isolation Control of Potentially Contaminated Equipment and Supplies Supporting the Psychological Needs of Patients in Isolation Surgical Asepsis Surgical Attire Sterile Technique Sterile Dressing Change Infection Control for Healthcare Workers What Should I Do If I Am Exposed to Blood-Borne Pathogens? What Are My Responsibilities Regarding Infection Control? What Role Does the Infection Control Nurse Play? How Can I Minimize the Effects of Bioterrorism and Infectious Outbreaks? Chapter 21 Promoting Safety Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patients Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why What Factors Affect Safety Developmental Factors Individual Risk Factors What Safety Hazards Are in the Home? Poisoning Interventions: Preventing and Treating Poisoning Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Interventions: Preventing and Treating Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Scalds and Burns Interventions: Preventing Scalds and Burns Fires Interventions: Preventing Injury From Fires in the Home Falls Interventions: Preventing Falls in the Home Firearm Injuries Interventions: Promoting Firearm Safety Suffocation and Asphyxiation Interventions: Preventing Suffocation and Asphyxiation Heimlich Maneuver Take-Home Toxins What Safety Hazards Are in the Community? Motor Vehicle Accidents Interventions: Preventing Motor Vehicle Accidents Pathogens Food-Borne Pathogens Interventions: Preventing Food Poisoning Vector-Borne Pathogens Interventions: Fighting Vectors Water-Borne Pathogens Pollution Interventions to Reduce Pollution Electrical Storms Interventions: Preventing Injury From Electrical Storms What Safety Hazards Are in the Healthcare Facility? Falls Interventions: Preventing Falls Equipment-Related Accidents Interventions: Preventing Equipment-Related Accidents Fires and Electrical Hazards Interventions: Fires and Electrical Hazards Restraints Siderails Ambularm and Bed Alarms Interventions: Using Restraints Safely Mercury Poisoning Interventions: Preventing Mercury Poisoning Hazards to Healthcare Workers Back Injury Needlestick Injury Radiation Injury Violence Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment Morse Fall Scale Home Safety Assessment Nursing Diagnosis Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation Nursing Activities Related to Safety Which Safety Interventions Can I Delegate? Chapter 22 Facilitating Hygiene Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patients Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why Hygiene and Self-Care What Factors Influence Hygiene Practices? How Does Health Status Affect Self-Care Ability? Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment Assessing Self-Care Abilities Nursing Diagnosis Nursing Diagnoses Related to Self Care Planning Outcomes/Evaluation (Self Care) Planning Interventions/Implementation (Self Care) Types of Scheduled Hygiene Care Delegating Hygiene Care to Unlicensed Assistive Personnel Care of the Skin Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin Functions of the Skin Factors Affecting the Skin Health Status Developmental Stage Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment (Skin) Subjective Data Objective Data Nursing Diagnosis (Skin) Impaired Skin Integrity as Problem Impaired Skin Integrity as Etiology Planning Outcomes/Evaluation (Skin) Planning Interventions/Implementation (Skin) Rationale for Bathing Choosing the Type of Bath to Meet Patient Needs Bed Baths Perineal Care Towel Bath Bag or Packaged Bath Shower Tub Bath Therapeutic Bath Bathing Patients with Dementia Back Massage Care of the Feet Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why Developmental Variations Common Foot Problems and Nursing Implications Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment (Feet) Subjective Data Objective Data Nursing Diagnosis (Feet) Planning Outcomes/Evaluation (Feet) Planning Interventions/Implementation (Feet) Care of the Nails Assessment (Nails) Diagnosis (Nails) Planning Outcomes/Evaluation (Nails) Planning Interventions/Implementation (Nails) Oral Hygiene Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why Developmental Variations Risk Factors for Oral Problems Common Problems of the Mouth Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment (Oral Cavity) Nursing Diagnosis (Oral Cavity) Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation (Oral Cavity) Oral Care For Unconscious Patients Denture Care Care of the Hair Assessment (Hair) Nursing Diagnosis (Hair) Planning Outcomes/Evaluation (Hair) Planning Interventions/Implementation (Hair) Hair Care Hair Care for African Americans Shampooing the Hair Beard and Mustache Care ` Shaving Care of the Eyes Assessment (Eyes) Nursing Diagnosis (Eyes) Planning Outcomes/Evaluation (Eyes) Planning Interventions/Implementation (Eyes) Eye Care for the Unconscious Client Caring for Eyeglasses and Contact Lenses Contact Lens Wearing Times Cleaning and Storing Contact Lenses Caring for Artificial Eyes Care of the Ears Providing Ear Care Care of Hearing Aids Care of the Nose The Client's Environment Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Ventilation Room Temperature Noise Hospital Beds Mattresses and Linens Bed Making Chapter 23 Administering Medications Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patients Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why How Are Drugs Named and Classified? Drug Names Drug Classifications What Mechanisms Promote Drug Quality and Safety? Drug Listings and Directories Legal Considerations Nurse Practice Acts U.S. Drug Legislation Canadian Drug Legislation Regulation of Controlled Substances Systems for Storing and Distributing Medications Stock Supply Unit-Dose System Automated Dispensing System Self-Administration What Is Pharmacokinetics? What Factors Affect Drug Absorption? Route of Administration Solubility of the Drug Effects of pH and Ionization Blood Flow to the Area How Are Drugs Distributed Throughout the Body? Local Blood Flow Membrane Permeability Protein-Binding Capacity How Are Drugs Metabolized in the Body? How Are Drugs Excreted from the Body? Concepts Relevant to Drug Effectiveness Onset, Peak, and Duration of Action Therapeutic Range Biological Half-Life Concentration of Active Drug at Target Sites What Factors Affect Pharmacokinetics? What Is Pharmacokdynamics? What Are Primary Effects? What Are Secondary Effects? Side Effects Adverse Reactions Toxic Reactions Allergic Reactions Route of Administration Idiosyncratic Reactions Cumulative Effect How Do Medications Interact? What Should I Know About Drug Abuse or Misuse? How Do I Measure and Calculate Dosage? Medication Measurement Systems Special Measurements: Units and Milliequivalents Calculating Dosages What Must I Know About Medication Orders? What Abbreviations Are Used in Medication Orders? Types of Medication Orders How Are Medication Orders Communicated? What Steps Should I Take If I Think an Order Is Incorrect? Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment Nursing Diagnosis Risk for Injury Noncompliance Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation Ensuring Safe Medication Administration Three Checks Six Rights Other Rights Administering Oral Medications Pouring Liquid Medications Buccal and Sublingual Medications Enteral (Nasogastric and Gastrostomy) Medications Special Situations Medicating Children Medicating Older Adults Administering Topical Medications Skin Applications: Lotions, Creams, and Ointments Transdermal Medications Performing Irrigations and Instillations Ophthalmic Medications Otic Medications Nasal Medications Vaginal Medications Rectal Medications Administering Respiratory Inhalations Types of Nebulizers Metered-Dose Inhalers Administering Parenteral Medications Preparing Injectable Medications Needles Syringes Drawing Up Medications from an Ampule Drawing Up Medications from a Vial Reconstituting Medications Mixing Medications in the Same Syringe Accounting for Needle "Dead Space" Preventing Needlestick Injuries Recapping Contaminated Needles Recapping Sterile Needles Administering Parenteral Injections Minimizing Discomfort Developmental Considerations Intradermal Injections Subcutaneous Injections Choosing a Subcutaneous Site Choosing a Subcutaneous Needle Administering Insulin Administering Heparin Intramuscular Injections Choosing an Intramuscular Site Choosing an Intramuscular Needle Z-Track Technique Ventrogluteal Muscle-Site of Choice Dorsogluteal Site Deltoid Site Vastus Lateralis Site Rectus Femoris site Intravenous Medications Adding Medications to Large-Volume (Primary) Infusions IV Push Medications Intermittent Infusion Volume-Control Infusion Sets Medication Errors Why Do Errors Occur? How Can I Avoid Errors? What Should I Do If I Commit a Medication Error? Chapter 24 Teaching Clients Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patient Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why Who Are the Learners? What Are My Teaching Responsibilities? What Are Some Basic Learning Concepts and Principles? Learning Occurs in Three Domains Cognitive Learning Psychomotor Learning Affective Learning Many Factors Affect Client Learning Motivation Readiness Physical Condition Emotions Timing Active Involvement Feedback Repetition Environment Scheduling the Session Amount and Complexity of Content Communication Special Populations Developmental Stage Stages of Cognitive Development Teaching Children Cultural Factors Literacy Barriers to Teaching andLearning Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment Nursing Diagnosis Deficient Knowledge as Primary Problem Deficient Knowledge as Etiology Wellness Diagnoses Incorrect Uses of Deficient Knowledge Planning Outcomes Planning Interventions/Implementation Creating Teaching Plans Selecting NIC Interventions Selecting Teaching Strategies Lecture Group Discussion Demonstration and Return Demonstration One-to-One Instruction Printed Materials Audiovisual Materials Programmed Instruction Simulation Self-Instruction Distance Learning List Serves and Web Sites Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) Gaming Role-Playing Role Modeling Evaluation of Learning Documentation of Teaching and Learning Chapter 25 Stress and Adaptation Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patients Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why What Is Stress? Types of Stressors Models of Stress How Do Coping and Adaptation Relate to Stress? Three Approaches to Coping Are Commonly Used The Outcome of Stress Is Either Adaptation or Disease Personal Factors Influence Adaptation How Do People Respond to Stressors? The General Adaptation Syndrome Includes Nonspecific, Systemic Responses The Alarm Stage Endocrine System Responses Sympathetic Nervous System Responses Other Body System Responses in the Alarm Stage The Resistance Stage The Exhaustion or Recovery Stage The Local Adaptation Syndrome Involves a Specific, Local Response Reflex Pain Response Inflammatory Response Psychological Responses to Stress Include Feelings, Thoughts, and Behaviors Anxiety and Fear Ego Defense Mechanisms Anger and Depression Spiritual Responses to Stress Are Multifaceted What Happens When Adaptation Fails? Stress-Induced Organic Responses Somatoform Disorders Stress-Induced Psychological Disorders Crisis Burnout Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment Assess Stressors and Risk Factors Assess Coping Methods and Adaptation Assess Responses to Stress Assessing Physiological Responses Assessing Emotional and Behavioral Responses Assessing Cognitive Responses Assessing Support Systems Nursing Diagnosis Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation Health Promotion Activities Nutrition Exercise Sleep and Rest Leisure Activities Time Management Avoiding Maladaptive Behaviors Relieving Anxiety Anger Management Stress Management Techniques Changing Perception of Stressors or Self Identifying and Using Support Systems Providing Spiritual Support Crisis Intervention Stress Management in the Workplace Making Referrals Chapter 26 Nutrition Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patients Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why What Are the Energy Nutrients? Carbohydrates Types and Sources of Carbohydrates Functions of Carbohydrates Proteins Types and Sources of Proteins Functions of Proteins Protein Metabolism and Storage Lipids Types and Sources of Lipids Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids Essential and Nonessential Fatty Acids Functions of Lipids What Are the Micronutrients? Vitamins Minerals Why Is Water an Essential Nutrient? What Are Some Reliable Sources of Nutrition Information? Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) USDA Dietary Guidelines Canada's Food Guide for Healthy Eating USDA Food Guide Pyramid Nutrition Facts Panels What Must I Know About Energy Balance? What Is Basal Metabolic Rate? Factors Affecting Basal Metabolic Rate How Do I Calculate a Client's Total Energy Needs? What Are Some Body Weight Standards? What Factors Affect Nutrition? Developmental Stage Infants to One Year Toddlers and Preschoolers School-Age Children Adolescents Adults Pregnant and Lactating Women Older Adults Educational Level and Nutritional Knowledge `Lifestyle Choices Vegetarianism Dieting for Weight Loss Ethnicity, Culture, and Religious Practices Disease Processes and Functional Limitations What Are Special Diets? Regular Diet NPO Diets Modified by Consistency Diets Modified for Disease Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment How Do I Screen Clients for Nutritional Problems? How Can I Assess Body Composition? Skinfold Measurement Circumferences Body Mass Index Imaging Techniques Underwater Weighing What Physical Examination Findings Are Cues to Nutrient Imbalance? What Are the Signs of Severe Malnutrition? What Laboratory Values Indicate Nutritional Status? Blood Glucose Serum Protein Levels and Indices Delegating Nutritional Assessment Nursing Diagnosis Nutrition as the Problem Nutrition as the Etiology Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation NIC Intervention-Nutritional Counseling Nutritious Foods on a Limited Budget NIC Intervention-Teaching: Individual Supporting Special Nutritional Needs Impaired Swallowing Patients Who Are NPO Older Adults Assisting Patients with Meals What Are Overweight and Obesity? Nursing Diagnosis Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Interventions/Implementation What Are Underweight and Malnutrition? Nursing Diagnosis Outcomes/Evaluation Interventions/Implementation Improving the Patient's Appetite Alternative Feeding Methods What Is Enteral Nutrition? Types of Feeding Tubes Checking Feeding Tube Placement Administering Enteral Feedings Feedings May Be Continuous, Cyclic, or Intermittent Feeding Systems May Be Open or Closed Monitoring Patients Receiving Enteral Nutrition Removing Feeding Tubes What Is Parenteral Nutrition? Chapter 27 Urinary Elimination Meet Your Patient Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why How Does the Urinary System Work? The Kidneys Filter and Regulate The Nephrons Form Urine Glomerular Filtration Tubular Reabsorption Tubular Secretion The Ureters Transport Urine The Urinary Bladder Stores Urine The Urethra Transports Urine How Does Urinary Elimination Occur? Normal Urination Patterns Characteristics of Normal Urine What Factors Affect Urinary Elimination? Developmental Factors Infants and Children Older Adults Personal, Sociocultural, and Environmental Factors Nutrition, Hydration, and Activity Level Medications Surgery and Anesthesia Pathological Conditions Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment Nursing History Physical Assessment Assessing the Urine Measuring Urine Output Voided Urine Urine from a Catheter Obtaining Samples for Urine Studies Freshly Voided Specimen Clean-Catch Specimen Sterile Urine Specimen 24-Hour Urine Collection Routine Urinalysis Bedside Testing (Dipstick) Specific Gravity Blood Studies Common Diagnostic Procedures Nursing Diagnosis Urinary Tract Infections Risk Factors for Urinary Tract Infection Recognizing and Treating Urinary Tract Infections Urinary Retention Urinary Incontinence Types of Urinary Incontinence Treatments for Urinary Incontinence Conditions Requiring Urinary Diversions Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation Promoting Normal Urination Provide Privacy Assist with Positioning Facilitate Toileting Routines Promote Adequate Fluids and Nutrition Assist with Hygiene Teaching Prevention of Urinary Tract Infection Managing Urinary Retention Catheterization Types of Catheters Supplies for Catheterization Urinary Catheter Insertion Caring for the Patient with an Indwelling Catheter Catheter and Bladder Irrigation Removing an Indwelling Catheter Managing Urinary Incontinence Perineal Skin Care Behavioral Interventions Anti-incontinence Devices Pharmacological and Surgical Interventions Managing Enuresis Caring for a Patient With a Urinary Diversion Care Plan and Care Map Chapter 28 Bowel Elimination Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patient Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why What Are the Anatomical Structures of the Gastrointestinal Tract? The Mouth The Esophagus The Stomach The Small Intestine The Large Intestine The Rectum and Anus How Does the Bowel Eliminate Waste? The Process of Defecation Normal Defecation Patterns What Factors Affect Bowel Elimination? Developmental Stage Personal, Sociocultural, and Environmental Factors Nutrition, Hydration, and Activity Level Medications and Procedures Pregnancy Pathological Conditions Bowel Diversions Ileostomy Colostomy Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment Nursing History Physical Assessment Diagnostic Tests Direct Visualization Studies Indirect Visualization Studies Laboratory Studies Handling Stool Specimens Fecal Occult Blood Test Assessing for Pinworms Nursing Diagnosis Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation Promoting Normal or Regular Defecation Privacy Positioning Timing of Defecation Fluids and Nutrition Exercise Managing Diarrhea Managing Constipation Managing Fecal Impaction Enemas Types of Enemas Cleansing Enemas Retention Enemas Return-Flow Enemas Administering An Enema Digital Removal of Stool Managing Flatulence Managing Bowel Incontinence Fecal Incontinence Pouch Bowel Training Caring for a Patient With a Bowel Diversion Assessing a Stoma Nursing Interventions Living with an Ostomy Colostomy Irrigation Chapter 29 Sensory Perception Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patients Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why Components of the Sensory Experience Reception Perception Arousal Mechanism Responding to Sensations Factors Affecting Sensory Function Developmental Variations Culture Illness and Medications Stress Personality and Lifestyle Sensory Alterations Sensory Deprivation Sensory Overload Sensory Deficits Impaired Vision Impaired Hearing Impaired Taste Impaired Smell Impaired Tactile Perception Impaired Kinesthetic Sense Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment Nursing History Assess Changes in Sensory Function Assess Risk Factors for Impaired Sensory Perception Assess Mental Status Assess Use of Sensory Aids Assess the Environment Assess the Support Network Physical Examination Nursing Diagnosis Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation Promoting Optimal Sensory Function Preventing Sensory Deprivation Preventing Sensory Overload Caring for Patients with Sensory Deficits Interventions for Disturbed Sensory Perception (Visual) Interventions for Disturbed Sensory Perception (Auditory) Supporting Auditory Function Improving Communication Promoting Safety Interventions for Disturbed Sensory Perception (Olfactory) Interventions for Disturbed Sensory Perception (Gustatory) Interventions for Disturbed Sensory Perception (Tactile) Interventions for Confused Clients Interventions for Unconscious Clients Chapter 30 Pain Management Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patient Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why What Is Pain? Origin of Pain Cause of Pain Duration of Pain Quality of Pain What Happens When Someone Has Pain? Transduction Transmission Pain Perception Pain Modulation What Factors Influence Pain? Emotions Developmental Stage Sociocultural Factors Communication and Cognitive Impairments How Does the Body React to Pain? Unrelieved Pain Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment Pain, the Fifth Vital Sign Assessing Pain in Children How Do I Assess for Nonverbal Signs of Pain? How Do I Use Pain Scales? Nursing Diagnosis Planning Outcomes Planning Interventions/Implementation Nonpharmacological Pain Relief Measures Cutaneous Stimulation Immobilization Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions Pharmacological Pain Relief Measures Nonopioid Analgesics Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Acetaminophen Opioid Analgesics Sedation with Opioid Therapy Mu Agonists Agonist-Antagonists Routes of Administration for Opioid Analgesics Equianalgesia Adjuvant Analgesics Chemical Pain Relief Measures Surgical Interruption of Pain Conduction Pathways Misconceptions That Interfere with Pain Management Managing Pain in Older Patients Managing Pain in Patients with Substance Abuse or Active Addiction Pain Relief from Placebos Teaching the Patient and Family About Pain Documentation Evaluation Nursing Process in Action Chapter 31 Activity & Exercise Learning Objectives Meet Your Patients Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why Physiology of Movement Skeletal System Muscles Nervous System Body Mechanics Body Alignment Balance Coordination Joint Mobility Body Mechanics Guidelines Exercise Types of Exercise Exercise Program Guidelines Benefits of Regular Exercise Risks Associated with Exercise Factors Affecting Mobility and Activity Developmental Stage Nutrition Lifestyle Stress External Factors Diseases and Abnormalities Congenital Abnormalities of the Musculoskeletal System Diseases Related to Bone Formation or Metabolism Diseases Affecting Joint Mobility Problems Affecting Bone Integrity Trauma Disorders of the Central Nervous System Diseases of Other Body Systems Hazards of Immobility Effect of Immobility on Muscles Effects of Immobility on the Lungs Effect of Immobility on the Heart and Vessels Effects of Immobility on Metabolism Effects of Immobility on the Integument Effects of Immobility on the Gastrointestinal System Effects of Immobility on the Genitourinary System Psychological Effects of Imobillity Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment Nursing History Physical Assessment Body Alignment Joint Function Gait Activity Tolerance Nursing Diagnosis Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation Promoting Exercise Preventing Injury from Exercise Positioning Patients Positioning Devices Adjustable Beds Pillows Side Rails Trapeze bar Footboard Other Positioning Devices Positioning Techniques Fowler's Positions Lateral Positions Prone Position Sims' Position Supine Position Moving Patients in Bed Moving Up in Bed Turning in Bed Logrolling Friction-Reducing Devices Transferring Patients Out of Bed Transfer Board Mechanical Lift Transfer Belt Performing Range-of-Motion Exercises Assisting with Ambulation Physical Conditioning Assisting the Patient to Walk Mechanical Aids for Walking Canes Walkers Braces Crutches Working with the Physical Therapist and Occupational Therapist Chapter 32 Sexual Health Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patients Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why Sexual and Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology Female Reproductive Organs The Menstrual Cycle Male Reproductive Organs Sexuality What Is Gender? Gender Roles Gender Identity What Is Sexual Orientation? How Does Sexuality Develop? Birth Through Preschool School Age Adolescents Young Adults Middle Aduilts Aging Adults What Factors Affect Sexuality? Culture Religion Lifestyle Sexual Knowledge Health and Illness Physical Illness Psychiatric Disorders Medications and Other Drugs Sexual Health What Is the Sexual Response Cycle? Desire Excitement Plateau Orgasm Resolution What Are Some Forms of Sexual Expression? Developing Intimate Relationships Fantasies and Erotic Dreams Masturbation Shared Touching Sexual Intercourse Oral-Genital Stimulation Anal Stimulation or Anal Intercourse Celibacy What Problems Affect Sexuality? Sexually Transmitted Infections Dysmenorrhea Premenstrual Syndrome Negative Intimate Relationships Sexual Harassment Rape Sexual Response Cycle Disorders Low Libido Arousal Disorders Orgasmic Disorders Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment Sexual History Tips for Taking a Sexual History Physical Examination Nursing Diagnosis Etiologies of Sexuality Diagnoses Sexuality Problems as Etiologies of Other Diagnoses Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation Teaching About Sexual Health Body Function and Reproduction Douching Menstruation Premenstrual Syndrome Menopause Self-Examination Preventing Sexually Transmitted Infections Contraception Counseling for Sexual Problems Dealing with Inappropriate Sexual Behavior Putting It All Together Chapter 33 Sleep & Rest Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patient Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why Why Do We Need to Sleep? How Much Sleep Do We Need? Physiology of Sleep How Do Circadian Rhythms Influence Sleep? How Is Sleep Regulated? What Are the Stages of Sleep? NREM Sleep Stages REM Sleep (Stage V) Sleep Cycles What Factors Affect Sleep? Age Children and Adolescents Young Adults Middle-Aged and Older Adults Lifestyle Factors Illness Environmental Factors What Are Some Common Sleep Disorders? Insomnia Sleep-Wake Schedule (Circadian) Disorders Restless Leg Syndrome Sleep Deprivation Hypersomnia Sleep Apnea Snoring Narcolepsy Parasomnias Secondary Sleep Disorders Disorders That Are Provoked by Sleep Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment Nursing Diagnosis Sleep as the Problem Sleep Pattern as an Etiology Sleep Pattern as a Symptom Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation Schedule Nursing Care To Avoid Interrupting Sleep Create A Restful Environment Promote Comfort Support Bedtime Rituals and Routines Offer Appropriate Bedtime Snacks or Beverages Promote Relaxation Maintain Patient Safety Teach About Sleep Hygiene Administer and Teach About Medications to Produce Sleep Prescription Sleep Medications Nonprescription Sleep Medications Putting It All Together Chapter 34 Skin Integrity & Wound Healing Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patient Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why Factors Affecting Skin Integrity Age-Related Variations Impaired Mobility Nutrition and Hydration Diminished Sensation Impaired Circulation Medications Moisture on the Skin Fever Contamination or Infection Lifestyle Wounds Types of Wounds Wound Healing Process The Inflammatory Phase-Cleansing The Proliferative Phase-Granulation The Maturation Phase-Epithelialization Wound Closures Collaborative Wound Treatments Types of Wound Drainage Complications of Wound Healing Hemorrhage Infection Dehiscence Evisceration Fistulas Pressure Ulcers Pressure Ulcer Development Staging of Pressure Ulcers Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment Nursing History Risk Assessment Measures Physical Examination Assessing Wounds Assessing Untreated Wounds Assessing Pressure Ulcers Laboratory Data What Assessments Can I Delegate? Nursing Diagnosis Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation Preventing Pressure Ulcers Providing Skin Care Providing Nutrition Frequent Positioning Therapeutic Mattresses and Cushions Patient and Family Teaching Providing Wound Care Cleansing Wounds Irrigating Wounds Caring for Wounds with Drainage Devices Types of Drains Nursing Activities for Maintaining Drains Debriding a Wound Sharp Debridement Mechanical Debridement Enzymatic Debridement Autolysis Applying Wound Dressings Gauze Dressings Transparent Films Hydrocolloids Hydrogels Absorption Dressings Securing Dressings Controlling Infection Supporting and Immobilizing Wounds Binders Bandages Techniques for Applying Roller Bandages Applying Heat and Cold Therapy Safety Measure Applying Heat Therapy Moist Heat Dry Heat Applying Cold Therapy Chapter 35 Oxygenation Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patients Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why The Pulmonary System What Are the Structures of the Airway? What Are the Structures of the Lungs? What Are the Functions of the Pulmonary System? Pulmonary Ventilation Respiration (Gas Exchange) External Respiration: Alveolar-Capillary Gas Exchange Internal Respiration: Capillary-Tissue Gas Exchange How Is Breathing Controlled? The Cardiovascular System What Are the Structures of the Cardiovascular System? The Heart Systemic and Pulmonary Blood Vessels The Coronary Arteries How Are Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transported? How Is Cardiovascular Function Regulated? Autonomic Nervous System Brain Stem Centers What Factors Influence Oxygenation? Developmental Stage Infants Toddlers Preschool and School-Age Children Adolescents Young and Middle Adults Older Adults Environment Stress Allergic Reactions Air Quality Altitude Heat and Cold Lifestyle Pregnancy Occupational Hazards Nutrition Obesity Exercise Smoking Substance Abuse Medications Respiratory Effects Cardiovascular Effects Pathophysiological Conditions Pulmonary System Abnormalities Pulmonary Circulation Abnormalities Neuromuscular Abnormalities Cardiovascular System Abnormalities Peripheral Vascular Abnormalities Oxygen Transport Abnormalities Metabolism Extremes and Oxygen Demand Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment Assessing Risk for Impaired Oxygenation Physical Examination Breathing Patterns Cough Respiratory Effort Pulse Oximetry Diagnostic Testing Skin Testing Arterial Blood Gases Measuring Arterial Blood Oxygen Measuring Arterial Blood Carbon Dioxide Peak Flow Monitoring Cardiac Monitoring Twelve-Lead Electrocardiogram Nursing Diagnosis Problems of Ventilation and Gas Exchange Problems of Circulation Impaired Oxygenation as Etiology Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Intervations/Implementation Promoting Optimal Respiratory Function Perform Immunizations and Screening Prevent Upper Respiratory Infections Position for Maximum Ventilation Teach and Assist with Incentive Spirometry Take Aspiration Precautions Mobilizing Secretions Teach Deep Breathing and Coughing Maintain Hydration Perform Chest Physiotherapy Supplying Oxygen Therapy Oxygen Hazards Using Artificial Airways Pharyngeal Airways Endotracheal Airways Suctioning Airways Oropharyngeal and Nasopharyngeal Suctioning Orotracheal and Nasotracheal Suctioning Caring for a Patient on a Mechanical Ventilator Caring for a Patient Requiring Chest Tubes Monitor Breathing, Gas Exchange, and Drainage Maintain Drainage System Promote Lung Reexpansion Prevent Complications or Intervene Promoting Circulation Promote Venous Return Prevent Clot Formation Administering Medications Respiratory Medications Cardiovascular Medications Performing Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Chapter 36 Fluids, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Balance Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patients Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why Body Fluids What Are the Body Fluids Compartments? What Electrolytes Are Present in Body Fluids? How Do Fluids and Electrolytes Move in the Body? Osmosis Diffusion Filtration Active Transport How Does the Body Regulate Fluids? Fluid Intake Fluid Output Hormonal Regulation How Does the Body Regulate Electrolytes? Sodium (Na+) Potassium (K+) Calcium (Ca2+) Magnesium (Mg2+) Chloride (Cl-) Phosphate (PO4-) Bicarbonate (HCO3-) How Is Acid-Base Balance Regulated? Buffers Respiratory Mechanisms Renal Mechanisms Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances Fluid Imbalances What Is Fluid Volume Deficit? What Is Fluid Volume Excess? Electrolyte Imbalances Acid-Base Imbalances Interpreting ABGs Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment Nursing History Physical Assessment Vital Signs Daily Weights Fluid Intake and Output Laboratory Studies Nursing Diagnosis Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation Preventing Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances Dietary Changes Oral Electrolyte Supplements Modifying Oral Fluid Intake Facilitating Fluid Intake Facilitating Fluid Restriction Parenteral Replacement of Fluids and Electrolytes Types of Solutions Vascular Access Devices Peripheral Access Devices Peripheral Intravenous Lock Central Venous Access Devices Starting an Intravenous Infusion Obtain Equipment and Supplies Select a Peripheral Intravenous Site Perform Venipuncture Regulating and Maintaining an Intravenous Infusion Gravity Flow Volume-Control Set Infusion Pump Calculating Flow Rates Managing Multiple Lines Complications of Intravenous Therapy Changing Intravenous Solutions, Tubing, and Dressings Converting to a Peripheral Intravenous Lock Discontinuing an Intravenous Line Replacement of Blood and Blood Products Blood Groups Blood Products Initiating a Transfusion Transfusion Reactions Chapter 37 Perioperative Nursing Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patient Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why Preoperative Care How Can Surgeries Be Classified? By Body System By Purpose By Degree of Urgency By Degree of Risk What Factors Affect Surgical Risk? Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Perioperative Nursing Data Set (PNDS) Assessment Nursing History Physical Assessment Diagnostic Testing Nursing Diagnosis Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation Confirm That Surgical Consent Has Been Obtained Provide Preoperative Teaching What to Teach How to Teach When to Teach Prepare the Patient Physically for Surgery Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why Intraoperative Care Operative Personnel Sterile Team Clean Team Types of Anesthesia General Anesthesia Conscious Sedation Regional Anesthesia Local Anesthesia Nerve Block Spinal Anesthesia Epidural Anesthesia Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment Nursing Diagnosis Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation Skin Preparation Positioning Intraoperative Safety Measures Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why Postoperative Care Recovery from Anesthesia Recovery from Surgery Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Nursing Care in the Postanesthesia Care Unit Postoperative Care on the Surgical Unit Assessment Nursing Diagnosis Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation Postoperative Teaching Sequential Compression Device (SCD) Incentive Spirometry Chapter 38 Leading and Managing What Is Leadership? Leadership Theories Trait Theories Behavioral Theories Task-Relationship Theories Situational Theories Transformational Theories What Is Management? Management Theories Scientific Management Human Relations-Oriented Management Qualities of an Effective Manager Activities of an Effective Manager Getting Ready to Become a Leader and Manager Mentors and Preceptors How Will This Change as I Grow in My Nursing Career What Is Followership? Characteristics of Effective Followers What Are the Challenges to Being an Effective Leader and Manager? Economic Climate of Health Care Nursing Labor Market What Are Power and Empowerment? Sources of Power Sources of Empowerment Enhancing Expertise Sharing Expertise Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Communicating Delegating What if I Lack the Experience to Delegate? What Are the Concerns About Delegating? Managing Change The Comfort Zone Resistance to Change Recognizing Resistance Lowering Resistance Implementing the Change Integrating the Change Conflict Conflicts Occur at all Levels "Win-Win" Resolutons Conflict Resolution Informal Negotiation Time Management Setting Your Own Goals Organizing Your Work Summary Putting it all Together Chapter 39 Nursing Informatics Learning Outcomes Meet Your Nurse Role Model Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why What Is Nursing Informatics? Data Information Knowledge Wisdom Understanding Computers and Connectivity How Do Computers Work? Pretest: Computers What Are Some Different Types of Connectivity? What Are Some Electronic Forms of Communication? Telephone Videoconferencing Facsimile Electronic Mail Listserv Telehealth The Role of Informatics in Nursing Practice Why Are Computers Important for Evidence-Based Practice? What Are the Benefits of an Electronic Health Record? Why Are Standardized Nursing Languages Needed for ESRs?? How Does Automation Decrease Error in Healthcare? How Can I Use Electronic Health Records Ethically? Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Using Informatics to Support Evidence-Based Practice How Do Computers Reduce Barriers to Evidence-Based Practice? How Do I Use Computers to Search Literature? Online Sources of Nursing Research Literature Databases How Do I Evaluate Evidence and Determine a Solution? Chapter 40 Holistic Healing Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patient Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why Holism What Is Holistic Health Care? The Placebo Response Spirituality and Holism What Is a Holistic Patient? What Is Holistic Nursing? Holistic Theory Holistic Concepts What Healing Modalities Are Commonly Used? Alternative Medical Systems Ayurveda Traditional Chinese Medicine Acupuncture Homeopathy Naturopathy Mind-Body Interventions Prayer Meditation Imagery Humor Yoga Hypnosis Biofeedback Biologically Based Therapies Dietary Therapies Herbs Vitamins Aromatherapy Manipulative and Body-Based Methods Chiropractic Massage Osteopathy Energy Therapies Therapeutic Touch T'ai Chi and Qigong Reiki Magnet Therapy Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment Nursing Diagnosis Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation Chapter 41 Promoting Health Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patients Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why What Is Health Promotion? Health Promotion versus Health Protection Levels of Prevention Healthy People 2010 Health Promotion Models Pender's Health Promotion Model Wheels of Wellness Model of Change Health Promotion Programs Settings for Health Promotion Programs Health Promotion Throughout the Life Span Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment History and Physical Examination Physical Fitness Assessment Lifestyle and Risk Appraisal Life Stress Review Health Beliefs Nutritional Assessment Health Screening Activities Nursing Diagnosis Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation Role Modeling Providing Counseling Individual Sessions Telephone Counseling Providing Health Education Providing and Facilitating Support for Lifestyle Change Chapter 42 Community Nursing Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patient Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why Understanding Communities What Are the Components of a Community? What Makes a Community Healthy? What Makes a Community Vulnerable? Understanding Community Nursing Community-Based Care Community Health Nursing Public Health Nursing Community-Oriented Nursing Who Were Some Pioneers of Community Nursing? Working Within Communities What Are Roles of Community Nursing? How Are Community Nursing Interventions Classified? Primary Interventions Secondary Interventions Tertiary Interventions What Career Opportunities Are Available for Community Nurses? School Nursing Occupational Health Parish Nursing Nursing in Correctional Facilities Public Health Clinics Disaster Services Nursing International Nursing Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Assessment Nursing Diagnosis Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation Putting It All Together Chapter 43 Nursing in Home Care Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patient Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why What Is Home Health Care? Goals of Home Health Care Advantages and Disadvantages Who Provides Home Health Care? Home Health Agencies The Home Health Team The Home Health Nurse Hospice Nurses Home Health Reimbursement What Is the Future of Home Health Care? Practical Knowledge: Knowing How How Are Clients Referred to Home Health Care? How Do I Make a Home Visit? Before the Visit Supplies Safety Considerations At the Visit Assessment Nursing Diagnosis Caregiver Role Strain Standardized Terminology for Nursing Diagnoses Planning Outcomes/Evaluation Planning Interventions/Implementation Infection Control in the Home After the Visit Chapter 44 Ethics and Values Learning Outcomes Meet Your Patients Theoretical Knowledge: Knowing Why Ethics and Morals How Are Morals Developed? What Is Nursing Ethics? Why Should Nurses Study Ethics? What Is Ethical Agency? Moral Distress Whistleblowing What Are Some Sources of Ethical Problems for Nurses? Societal Factors The Nature of Nursing Work The Nature of the Nursing Profession. What Factors Affect Moral Decisions? Values, Attitudes and Beliefs Professional Versus Personal Values How Are Values Transmitted? What is Value Neutrality? How Are Values, Morals, and Ethics Related? Moral Principles Autonomy Nonmaleficence Beneficence Fidelity Veracity Justice Moral Frameworks What Is Consequentialism? What Is Deontology? What Do We Mean by Feminist Ethics? What Do We Mean by the Ethics-of-Care? Professional Guidelines Nursing Codes of Ethics International Council of Nurses American Nurses Association Canadian Nurses Association ANA Standards of Care The Patient Care Partnership Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Ethical Issues in Health Care Practical Knowledge: Knowing How Values Clarification How Can I Clarify My Values? How Can I Help Clients to Clarify Their Values? Ethical Decision Making Problem or Dilemma? What Are Some Decision-Making Models? Recognizing an Ethical Problem How Do I Work Through an Ethical Problem? Use Problem Solving Use the MORAL Model M-Massage the Dilemma O-Outline the Options R-Resolve the Dilemma A-Act by Applying the Chosen Option L-Look Back and Evaluate Use the Notion of Compromise What Are My Obligations in Ethical Decisions? Use and Participate in Institutional Ethics Committees? Improve your Ethical Decision Making Be a Patient Advocate Chapter 45 Legal Issues Learning Outcomes Meet Your Nurse Role Model Theoretical Knowledge; Knowing Why What Are the Sources of Law? What Laws and Regulations Guide Nursing Practice? Federal Laws The Bill of Rights Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) The Health Care Quality Improvement Act of 1986 (HCQIA) The Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) The Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA) The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) "Privacy Rule" The Newborns' and Mothers' Health Protection Act of 1996 (NMHPA) The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (NLRA) State Laws Mandatory Reporting Laws Good Samaritan Laws Nurse Practice Acts Credentialing Licensing Disciplinary Proceedings Standards of Practice Other Guidelines for practice Institutional Policies and Procedures Nursing Codes of Ethics The Patient Care Partnership The ANA Bill of Rights for Nurses What Is Criminal Law? What Is Civil Law? Contract Law Tort Law What Are Quasi-Intentional Torts? What Are Intentional Torts? Assault and Battery False Imprisonment Fraud Invasion of Privacy What Are Negligence and Malpractice? Elements of Malpractice Liability The Nurse as a Witness Vicarious Liability Litigation in Civil Claims Practical Knowledge: Knowing How What Are the Most Common Malpractice Claims? Failure to Assess and Diagnose Failure to Plan Failure to Implement a Plan of Care Failure to Evaluate How Can You Minimize Your Malpractice Risk? Observe Mandatory Standards of Care Use Nursing Process and Follow Professional Standards of Care Avoid Medication and Treatment Errors Report and Document Charting Incident Reports Obtain Informed Consent Elements of Consent Nurse's Role Attend to Patient Safety Maintain Confidentiality and Privacy Provide Education and Counseling Assign, Delegate, and Supervise According to Guidelines Accept Assignments for Which You Are Qualified Participate in Continuing Education Observe Professional Boundaries Observe Mandatory Reporting Regulations Impaired Nurses Unauthorized Practice Abuse Legal Safeguards for Nurses Safe Harbor Laws Professional Liability Insurance Types of Coverage Student Responsibilities What Are Some Major Legal Issues in Nursing Practice? Chapter 46 Canadian Healthcare Delivery System Learning Outcomes Meet Your Nursing Peer History of the Canadian Healthcare Delivery System Universal Hospital Insurance Insurance for Physician's Services The Development of the Healthcare Delivery System in Canada Canada Health Act, 1984 Services Defined in the Canada Health Act. Principles of the Canada Health Act Governance and Management of the Canadian Health Care Delivery System Federal Jurisdiction Legislation Aboriginal Health Environmental Health Health Products and Food Population and Public Health Provincial and Territorial Jurisdiction Dispute Resolution Legislation Health Service Delivery System Legislation Professional Legislation Unionization of Healthcare Providers in Canada Who Pays for Health Care? Public Funding Federal Government Provincial/Territorial Governments Private Funding Private Insurance Individual Payment Factors Affecting Healthcare Delivery in Canada Demographics Aging Population Aboriginal Population Health Status of Aboriginal Peoples Aboriginal Healthcare Providers Technology Telehealth Electronic Health Record Nursing Informatics Health Human Resources in the Canadian Healthcare Delivery System Nursing Professionals Registered Nurses Demographics Supply Employment Education Nurse Practitioners Registered Psychiatric Nurses Licensed or Registered Practical Nurses and Certified Nursing Assistants Other Healthcare Professionals Unregulated Healthcare Providers The Components of the Canadian Healthcare Delivery System Health Care Settings Primary Health Care Hospitals Long-Term Care Facilities Home Care Public Health Physicians' Offices Occupational Health Mental Health Healthcare Agencies Models of Care Provision Program Management Integrated Care Pathways Nursing Models of Care Healthcare Policy and Reform Is the Health Care Delivery System Sustainable? Nursing's Role in Policy Development The Canadian Nurses Association Canadian Federation of Nurses Unions Nurses in Government Individual Nurses' Roles in Policy Development Health Care Trends and Issues Quality Issues in the Health Care Delivery System Foundational Work from Other Countries National Steering Committee on Patient Safety Saskatchewan Health Quality Council National Health Council Quality Workplaces Canadian Institute of Health Information Report on Canada's Healthcare Providers Canadian Nursing Advisory Committee Aboriginal Health Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada, 2002 Saskatchewan Commission on Medicare, 2001 Population Health The Lalonde Report, 1974 Achieving health for All: A Framework for Health Promotion, 1986 Advisory Committee on Population Health Self-Care Alternative and Complementary Therapies Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: Nursing. UR - http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0614/2006016419.html ER -