TY - BOOK AU - Birnie,Patricia W. AU - Boyle,Alan E. AU - Redgwell,Catherine TI - International law and the environment SN - 9780198764229 AV - 334.046 BIR U1 - 344.04/6 22 PY - 2009/// CY - Oxford, New York PB - Oxford University Press KW - Boyle and Re KW - Environmental law, International N1 - CONTENTS Abbreviations: Journals and Reports xi Table of Cases xix Table of Major Treaties and Other Instruments xxvii 1 INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE ENVIRONMENT 1 1 Introduction 1 2 Lawmaking Processes and Sources of Law 12 3 Overview 37 2 INTERNATIONAL GOVERNANCE AND THE FORMULATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND POLICY 43 1 Introduction 43 2 The Development of International Environmental Policy 48 3 The UN and Environmental Governance 58 4 Other International Organizations 71 5 International Regulatory Regimes 84 6 Scientific Organizations 99 7 Non-Governmental Organizations 100 8 Conclusions 103 3 RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF STATES CONCERNING PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 106 1 Introduction 106 2 Sustainable Development: Legal Implications 115 3 Principles of Global Environmental Responsibility 128 4 Prevention of Pollution and Environmental Harm 137 5 Conservation and Sustainable Use of Natural Resources 190 6 Military Activities and the Environment 205 7 Conclusions 208 4 INTERSTATE ENFORCEMENT: STATE RESPONSIBILITY, TREATY COMPLIANCE, AND DISPUTE SETTLEMENT 211 1 Introduction 211 2 State Responsibility for Environmental Damage 214 3 Treaty Compliance 23 7 4 Settlement of International Environmental Disputes 250 5 Conclusions 26 6 5 NON-STATE ACTORS: ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS, LIABILITY, AND CRIMES 268 1 Introduction 268 2 Human Rights and the Environment 271 3 Transboundary Environmental Rights 303 4 Harmonization of Environmental Liability 316 5 Corporate Environmental Accountability 326 6 Environmental Crimes 329 7 Conclusions 334 6 CLIMATE CHANGE AND ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION 335 1 Introduction 335 2 Transboundary Air Pollution 342 3 Protecting the Ozone Layer 349 4 The Climate Change Regime 356 5 Conclusions 377 7 THE LAW OF THE SEA AND PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 379 1 Introduction 379 2 Customary Law and the 1982 UNCLOS 386 3 Regional Protection of the Marine Environment 390 4 Marine Pollution from Ships 398 5 Pollution Incidents and Emergencies at Sea 423 6 Responsibility and Liability for Marine Pollution Damage 430 7 Conclusions 441 8 INTERNATIONAL REGULATION OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES 443 1 Introduction 443 2 International Regulation of Toxic Chemicals 445 3 Protection of the Marine Environment from Toxic Substances 451 CONTENTS IX 4 International Trade in Hazardous Substances 473 5 Conclusions 486 9 NUCLEAR ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT 488 1 Introduction 488 2 The International Regulation of Nuclear Energy 492 3 Control ofTransboundary Nuclear Risks 508 4 State Responsibility for Nuclear Damage 516 5 Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage 520 6 Conclusions 533 10 INTERNATIONAL WATERCOURSES: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND SUSTAINABLE USE 535 1 Introduction 535 2 Protection of Watercourse Environments 547 3 Regional Cooperation and Environmental Regulation 572 4 Conclusions 580 11 CONSERVATION OF NATURE, ECOSYSTEMS, AND BIODIVERSITY 583 1 Introduction 583 2 Concepts of Nature Conservation and Natural Resources 585 3 The Role of Law in the Protection of Nature 593 4 Codification and Development of International Law on Nature Protection 602 5 The Convention on Biological Diversity 612 6 Conclusions 648 12 CONSERVATION OF MIGRATORY AND LAND-BASED SPECIES AND BIODIVERSITY 650 1 Introduction 650 2 Implementation of Principles and Strategies through Conservation Treaties 651 3 Signficance and Effectiveness of the Major Global Wildlife Conventions 671 4 Post-UNCED Instruments for Conservation of Nature and Biodiversity 692 5 The Regional Approach 696 6 Coordination of Conventions and Organs 697 7 Conclusions 698 13 CONSERVATION OF MARINE LIVING RESOURCES AND BIODIVERSITY 702 1 Introduction 702 2 Jurisdiction over Fisheries and Marine Mammals 706 3 The Development of International Fisheries Regimes 711 4 The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 714 5 Post-UNCLOS Developments 730 6 Conservation of Marine Biodiversity 744 7 Conclusions 751 14 INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 753 1 Introduction 753 2 The Multilateral Trading System 756 3 Multilateral Environmental Agreements and Trade Restrictions 766 4 Trade Restrictions to Protect Resources beyond National Jurisdiction 769 5 Trade Restrictions to Protect the Domestic Environment 778 6 Pollution Havens: Trade Restrictions to Improve the Environment of Other Countries 788 7 The Export of Hazardous Substances and Wastes 793 8 Environmental Taxes 796 9 The TRIPS Agreement and the Biodiversity Convention 801 10 Conclusions 809 Bibliography 811 Index 833 Includes bibliographical references (p. ([811]-832) and index; International law and the environment -- International governance and the formulation of environmental law and policy -- Rights and obligations of states concerning protection of the environment -- Interstate enforcement: state responsibility, treaty compliance, and dispute settlement -- Non-state actors: environmental rights, liability, and crimes -- Climate change and atmospheric pollution -- The law of the sea and protection of the marine environment -- International regulation of toxic substances -- Nuclear energy and the environment -- International watercourses: environmental protection and sustainable use -- Conservation of nature, ecosystems, and biodiversity -- Conservation of migratory and land-based species and biodiversity -- Conservation of marine living resources and biodiversity -- International trade and environmental protection ER -